西昆仑甜水海地区前陆褶皱冲断带的构造样式及其演化

运用碰撞造山带大地构造朴理论,研究了西昆仑甜水海地区三叠系的沉积特征及其构造环境,晚三叠世末羌塘陆块与塔里木板块南缘的晚古生代一早中生代山弧碰撞造成的前陆褶皱冲断带的构造样式及其演化。通过对地层构造岩石组合、沉积环境及其变形强度特征的分析,得出该区三叠纪的沉积是一套典型的深水－半深水的复理石建造,形成于被动大陆边缘的沉积环境;其变形具有典型的前陆褶皱冲断带特征,并将褶皱冲断带按变形特征分５个带。提     

乌东德水电站左岸拱肩槽边坡稳定性

在对拱肩槽自然边坡工程地质条件详细调查的基础上,采用宏观地质分析和极限平衡法、数值模拟法相结合的研究手段,分层次对乌东德水电站左岸拱肩槽人工边坡整体稳定和局部稳定性进行了系统研究。研究表明乌东德水电站左岸拱肩槽边坡整体稳定性较好,三维离散元数值模拟结果显示,人工边坡变形以少量回弹变形为主,变形特征不突出,稳定性系数为1.4~1.6。在分析边坡开挖后可能形成的块体边界条件基础上,提出了人工边坡可能出现的块体失稳模式,以影响块体稳定性的结构面几何特征、结构面性状和结构面卸荷松弛张开特征入手,建立块体稳定性工程地质评价标准,对块体稳定性进行了宏观地质分析,并采用三维刚体极限平衡方法对可能产生的块体模型进行了计算分析,得到块体开挖后的稳定系数。结果表明,人工边坡可能出现块体多处于基本稳定状态。综合整体稳定性和局部稳定性研究成果,提出人工边坡加固方案建议。研究成果为工程设计与施工提供了重要依据,并对类似工程提供了可以借鉴的经验。     

Accretionary processes and metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Advances and perspectives

As one of the largest Phanerozoic orogens in the world,the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is a natural laboratory for studies of continental dynamics and metallogenesis.This paper summarizes the research progresses of the accretionary processes and metallogenesis of the CAOB since the Peopled Republic of China was founded,and puts forward the prospect for future research.During the early period (1950s-1970s),several geological theories were applied to explain the geological evolution of Central Asia.In the early period of China's reform and opening-up,the plate tectonics theory was applied to explain the evolution of the northern Xinjiang and Xingmeng regions,and the opinion of subduction-collision between Siberian Kazakhstan and China-North Korea-Tarim plates was proposed.The idea of the Solonker-Yanbian suture zone was established.In the 1990s,the study of the CAOB entered a period of rapid development.One school of scholars including geologists from the former Soviet Union proposed a multi-block collision model for the assemblage of the CAOB.In contrast,another school of scholars,led by a Turkish geologist,Celal Sengor,proposed that the Altaids was formed through the growth and strike-slip duplicates of a single island arc,and pointed out that the Altaids is a special type of collisional orogen.During this period,Chinese geologists carried out a lot of pioneering researches on ophiolites and high-pressure metamorphic rocks in northern China,and confirmed the main suture zones accordingly.In 1999,the concept of"Central Asian metallogenic domain"was proposed,and it became one of the three major metallogenic domains in the world.Since the 21st century,given the importance for understanding continental accretion and metallogenic mechanism,the CAOB has become the international academic forefront.China has laid out a series of scientific research projects in Central Asia.A large number of important scientific research achievements have been spawned,including the tectonic attribution of micro-continents,timing and tectonic settings of ophiolites,magmatic arcs,identification and anatomy of accretionary wedges,regional metamorphism-deformation,(ultra)high-pressure metamorphism,ridge subduction plume-plate interaction archipelagic paleogeography and spatio-temporal framework of multiple accretionary orogeny,continental growth accretionary metallogenesis,structural superposition and transformation etc.These achievements have made important international influences.There still exist the following aspects that need further study:(1) Early evolution history and subduction initiation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean;(2) The accretionary mechanism of the extroversion Paleo-Asian Ocean;(3) The properties of the mantle of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and their spatiotemporal distribution;(4) The interaction between the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the Tethys Ocean;(5) Phanerozoic continental growth mechanism and its global comparison;(6) Accretionary metallogenic mechanism of the Central Asian metallogenic domain;and (7) Continental transformation mechanism.     

求索地质学50年

我已年逾古稀,垂垂老矣。地质生涯中积累的经验和问题,理应贡献给年轻一代,以期经验能够相传,问题得到解决。年轻地质学家需要寻求名师指点,锤炼踏实的基本功; 要踏遍世间群山,阅历地质现象,胸中累积千百地质实例; 要熟读文献千卷,把文献中的实例与胸中实例融会贯通。如此,就可以把野外、室内识别、理解地质现象的能力和地质学最主要的工作方法—对比与联想融合在一起,能够解开任何地质难题。年轻地质学家还需要学习近年来科学哲学的内容和进展。为的是理解科学的本质,地质学的本质,以及地质学与其它学科的关系。这有利于青年学者选择最接近科学范式的、最重要的研究项目; 也有利于提高逻辑推理能力。地质学和科学哲学功底最好的年轻学者,可以为地学哲学作出贡献。本文提出6个方面的问题,供年轻学者参考。     

碰撞造山带的碰撞事件时限的确定

在造山带研究中,引发变形作用和山脉隆升的造山作用的时代是一个重要问题。现在,Ｓｔｔｉｌｅ的造山幕术语已经被人们摈弃了,但是,迄今还有不少地质学家沿用诸如印支运动、燕山造山作用和喜马拉雅造山幕之类的术语。碰撞造山作用是一个在碰撞事件之后的均变过程。碰撞事件没有遗留下任何可以观察到的地质记录,因此,我们必须运用碰撞事件发生前和发生后产生的地质记录来限定碰撞事件的时代范围。在本文中,运用大洋岩石圈消减过程中的沉积作用、岩浆作用和变质作用来限定碰撞下限,运用碰撞后同造山时期的岩浆作用和变质作用以及磨拉石沉积作用来作为碰撞事件的时代上限。所有这些时代标志都是依据地质观察提出的,更多的精确的碰撞事件时代标志还有待于将来进一步的研究     

夏杖子金矿床同位素组成及其地质意义

夏杖子金矿床中矿物包裹体水的氢、氧同位素分别为：δD=-91.7‰——73.1‰,δ18OH2o=5.68‰-6.23‰,说明读矿床的成矿溶液是来源于岩浆水和大气降水;矿物的硫同位素组成基本上全是负值,且变化范田较小,同位素平衡温度平均为208-240℃,成矿溶液总硫平均同位素组成-19.70‰——20.64‰,证明成矿热液中H2S原子团占优势,其硫源可能为本区结晶基底;石英中流体包裹体Rb-Sr同位素等时年龄为105±7.2Ma,说明其成矿时代为燕山晚期。综合分析认为,该矿床为与岩浆热液有关的中-低温热液脉型金矿床。     

Tectonic facies and the archipelago-accretion process of the West Kunlun,China

A tectonic facies investigation carried out in the West Kunlun, China allows us to have worked out a tectonic model of orogen. The tectonic facies, from the north to the south, are composed of the following: 1. Southern Tarim tectonic realm; 2. North Kudi magmatic arc; 3. Kudi mélange; 4. Kudi micro-continent; 5. main shear zone; 6. Xianan Bridge calc alkaline complex; 7. Mazar-Kangxiwar mélange-accretion complex; and 8. Tianshuihai foreland fold-thrust belt. The tectonic facies 1»5 recorded the history of the northward subduction of the Prototethys and southward accretion of Eurasia in the Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic time, while the tectonic facies 6»8 recorded the history of the northward subduction of the Paleotethys and southward accretion of Eurasia in the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic time, that of the tectonic evolution of the passive margin of the Qiangtang block, and that of the docking, and the final amalgamation of the Qiangtang block to the Eurasian continent. The tectonic facies investigation has indicated that a complicated archipelago-accretion orogenesis took place in the West Kunlun orogen, which was the important character of southward growth of the Eurasian continent.     

Pre-drilling prediction techniques on the high-temperature high-pressure hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore Hainan Island,China

Decreasing the risks and geohazards associated with drilling engineering in high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) geologic settings begins with the implementation of pre-drilling prediction techniques (PPTs). To improve the accuracy of geopressure prediction in HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore Hainan Island, we made a comprehensive summary of current PPTs to identify existing problems and challenges by analyzing the global distribution of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs, the research status of PPTs, and the geologic setting and its HTHP formation mechanism. Our research results indicate that the HTHP formation mechanism in the study area is caused by multiple factors, including rapid loading, diapir intrusions, hydrocarbon generation, and the thermal expansion of pore fluids. Due to this multi-factor interaction, a cloud of HTHP hydrocarbon reservoirs has developed in the Ying-Qiong Basin, but only traditional PPTs have been implemented, based on the assumption of conditions that do not conform to the actual geologic environment, e.g., Bellotti’s law and Eaton’s law. In this paper, we focus on these issues, identify some challenges and solutions, and call for further PPT research to address the drawbacks of previous works and meet the challenges associated with the deepwater technology gap. In this way, we hope to contribute to the improved accuracy of geopressure prediction prior to drilling and provide support for future HTHP drilling offshore Hainan Island.     

浊流及相关重力流沉积研究综述

本文首先介绍了浊流及相关重力流的有关概念,并对浊流沉积研究历史进行了简要回顾,概括了当前浊流沉积的研究现状;随后,总结了浊积岩的沉积特征并对其成因进行了扼要解释;最后,对浊流及相关重力流沉积研究中两个有争议的问题－浊积相的划分和浊积相模式的建立进行了探讨。     

华北和北京的酷暑天气 Ⅰ. 历史概况及个例分析

如果将日最高气温超过３５ ℃的天气定义为酷暑天气, 则近６０ 年的资料统计表明, 北京出现酷暑天气的年频率高达８１ ％ , 并不少见, 尤以４０ 年代和９０ 年代明显偏多。１９４２ 年６ 月和１９９９ 年７ 月都出现≥４２ ℃的酷暑天气。分析表明, 北京和华北酷暑天气的出现与大环流形势密切相关, 大陆副热带高压维持于华北上空是其主要因素, 空气下沉增温是酷暑的主要机制, 而大城市的热岛效应则可使城区百叶箱气温再增高２ ℃左右。