大直径桩桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力综合分析

为了分析桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力对大直径桩承载力的影响,通过桩基现场静载试验,获得各级荷载作用下各土层交接面处的桩身应力应变值,计算出不同土层间每1m桩身段的压缩量和侧摩阻力值。实验结果表明：各土层间桩侧摩阻力实测最大值与勘察报告值之比差别较大,其中上部土层问的摩阻力比值较小,下部比值较大。上部土层桩侧摩阻力在各级荷载作用下变化不大,而下部土层桩侧摩阻力随荷载逐级递增。由于压缩量是反映材料受力变形的物理量,虽然下部土层的摩阻力实测值与报告值比值较大,但其桩身压缩量较小,因而可以判断侧摩阻力发挥程度并估算其极限值。大直径桩的承载力主要是由侧摩阻力来提供的,因此可以通过桩身压缩量和侧摩阻力的综合分析为石家庄乃至河北地区的大直径桩承载力确定提供有价值的参考。     

莎车盆地蒸发岩及盐矿物特征初探

莎车盆地喀什皮拉里剖面岩矿扫描电镜及能谱仪分析表明,大量石膏岩中含有石盐、钙芒硝、杂卤石、天青石、白云石及钾镁硫酸盐组合,说明盆地已达到钾镁盐化学沉积阶段,是成钾找钾重要线索,值得研究关注.     

库车盆地古近系-新近系蒸发岩沉积旋回识别及对比

库车盆地古近纪-新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,根据蒸发岩沉积旋回的变化,即由于盐湖水体
从淡-咸-盐-咸-淡的旋回变化,相应地沉积物发生由碎井的屑岩-膏岩-盐岩-膏岩-碎屑岩的变化。考
虑钻井的分布位置及其剖面在时代上的完整性,选取盆地中 13口井的钻井剖面进行沉积旋回识别和对比,共识
别出 5个蒸发岩沉积旋回,其中库姆格列木群两个,苏维依组一个,吉迪克组两个。通过对比,确立了以东秋8井剖面为库车盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比的标准剖面,初步分析认为,盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回的沉积区迁移特征,
应受盆地基底控制和南北向构造挤压应力变化的影响。古近系蒸发岩主要分布在盆地西部,新近系吉迪克组沉
积时期,盆地西北部转为陆源碎屑岩沉积 （ 西南部发育少量蒸发岩） ,而东部发育巨厚的蒸发岩,显示出东西分
带的特点。在始新世末印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远距离效应影响下,库车盆地自苏维依组沉积时期蒸发岩沉
积中心就已经开始迁移,迁移中心一分为二,自盆地北西分别向南、向东移动,形成两个沉积区,吉迪克组沉
积时期在上述两个沉积区继续发育盐岩、膏岩沉积。     

Change of groundwater chemistry from 1896 to present in the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong

In this study, groundwater quality information collected in 1896 (well waters), 1980/1981 (piezometric and seepage samples) and 2002/2003 (seepage samples) in the regions centered by the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong Island, was compared to illustrate how groundwater quality has changed over a century and the processes controlling it. As shown by saline ammonia and nitrate levels in the late nineteenth century, groundwater was severely polluted by widespread and obvious leakage from poorly designed wastewater collection systems, although groundwater was still a drinking water source for local residents. The extremely high residual chlorines in groundwater demonstrated that large doses of disinfection agents were added to wells at that time. In view of the decline in saline ammonia and nitrate levels, groundwater became less organically polluted in the 1980s probably due to significant improvement of the design of underground sewers. However, more leakage from sources such as salty flushing water and fresh water pipes emerged in the past few decades which added complexity to groundwater chemical systems. Some chemicals were used to identify possible locations of leakages. The temporal variations of the distribution of these chemicals over the area may shed light on the rate of leakage. Leakage from service pipes seems to have improved from the early 1980s to 2002/2003. However, the area is still suffering from widespread and small-scale leakage from service pipes. More efforts should be paid to control small leakages in the future. The findings will be instructive to various government organizations such as the Water Supplies Department and Drainage Services Department to identify possible locations of unobvious leakages in the area.     

京津冀德平原区深层水开采与地面沉降关系空间分析

京津冀德地区是我国重要城市集中区和农业生产基地,由于深层地下水的过量开发利用,产生了严重地面沉降问题。部分学者认为,深层地下水累计开采量基本上相当于地面沉降累计量,认为京津冀德平原区深层水属于储存资源,基本得不到补给和更新。本文利用GIS空间分析方法,对开发利用深层地下水的京津冀德平原区大约八万平方千米范围,进行了累计地面沉降体积分布、深层水水位变差分布的空间分析,结合对深层地下水开采量的研究,初步探讨了深层水开采利用与地面沉降宏观关系的定量特征,结论是多年平均深层水开采量为25×108~27×108m3,多年平均地面沉降体积量为11.2×108m3,年均地面沉降体积大约相当于41%~44%的年均深层水开采量体积,还有56%~59%的深层水开采未导致直接的地面沉降响应,说明在高强度开采激励条件下深层水的动力场可能已经发生巨大变化,对深层水开采引起地面沉降的关系、深层水的组成与循环更新机制应进一步研究。     

河北围场天然沸石的矿物学特征及吸附性研究

河北承德围场地区含有储量丰富的天然沸石资源,然而目前关于该地区天然沸石的研究较少。本文利用X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪、比表面积及孔隙度分析仪和扫描电镜及能谱分析仪等对围场天然沸石的矿物学特征进行了研究,并分析了围场天然沸石对苯、甲苯和水蒸气等的吸附性。结果发现,该地区天然沸石主要含斜发沸石和石英,硅铝比为5. 3,样品中含有少量微孔和大量介孔,具有相对较高的比表面积;样品对苯、甲苯和水蒸气均具有良好的吸附效果。     

A 2D coupled hydro-thermal model for the combined finite-discrete element method

Based on the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), a two-dimensional coupled hydro-thermal model is proposed. This model can simulate fluid flow and heat transfer in rock masses with arbitrary complex fracture networks. The model consists of three parts: a heat conduction model of the rock matrix, a heat-transfer model of the fluid in the fracture (including the heat conduction and convection of fluid), and a heat exchange model between the fluid and rock at the fracture surface. Three examples with analytical solutions are given to verify the correctness of the coupled model. Finally, the coupled model is applied to hydro-thermal coupling simulations of a rock mass with a fracture network. The temperature field evolution, the effect of thermal conductivity of the rock matrix thermal conductivity and the fracture aperture on the outlet temperature are studied. The coupled model presented in this paper will enable the application of FDEM to study rock rupture driven by the effect of hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling in geomaterials such as in geothermal systems, petroleum engineering, environmental engineering and nuclear waste geological storage.

     

地震沉积学在大庆长垣密井网条件下储层精细描述中的初步应用

文中针对大庆油田特高含水期精细调整挖潜,需要精细精确刻画储层的要求,充分利用大庆长垣油田密井网条件下储层精细描述成果及高密度三维地震资料,建立了处理-解释一体化高保真地震处理、大密度合成记录精细标定及地层切片优选方法;针对不同类型砂体分布特点,给出了利用地层切片采用"砂中找泥"和"泥中找砂"的单一河道识别分析方法,形成了"地震趋势为引导,井点相控"的井震结合储层精细刻画方法;实际应用证明对剩余油的分析认识更具针对性,应用点坝识别成果指导了D区水平井方案设计,取得了较好的钻遇效果。     

Gravity erosion and lithology in Pisha sandstone in southern Inner Mongolia

Pisha sandstone is a soft rock found in the southern zone of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia. The presence of soft Pisha sandstone in the middle reaches of the Yellow River coincides with large areas of bedrock erosion in the river's basin, with the average total erosion modulus as high as 44 570 t/(km~2·a). Such high levels of erosion are one of the main sources of coarse mud and sands in the Yellow River. Erosion by gravitational forces such as snow glide and landslip are the main erosion types in Pisha sandstone region. The gravity erosion modulus can be as high as 25 615 t/(km~2·a), accounting for 30.6% of the total average erosion. Our paper investigates the characteristics of Pisha sandstone in relation to the development of gravity erosion mechanisms. We conducted field investigations in Pisha sandstone region for original state rock sampling. Test results from analyses of the rock properties indicate that the mineral composition, structure and microstructure characteristics of Pisha sandstone determine its varying capacity to resist weathering. Degrees of weathering in slightly different lithological layers of Pisha sandstone lead to different erosion rates. In this way, erosion forces combined with the varying lithological strata in the rock aggravate gravitational erosion in Pisha sandstone.     

延长组(群)的沿革

延长组是鄂尔多斯盆地内中-晚三叠世形成的一套河-湖相岩石地层,是鄂尔多斯盆地内主要含油气地层之一.对延长组的研究已有近百年,但很多学者在科研和生产中的应用,至今仍存在意见分歧,有的称其为延长组,有的称其为延长群.追溯延长组的诞生历史,研究其历史沿革之经过,并根据现如今业内权威部门及其相关著作的观点,该套地层应称之为延长群,延长群可划分为四个岩性组,分别为:瓦窑堡组、永坪组、胡家村组和铜川组,在此基础上可将延长群做二级和三级划分,建议在区域地质研究和油田开发生产中均采用延长群这一划分方法.