Mapping the vegetation distribution of the permafrost zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In this paper,an updated vegetation map of the permafrost zone in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) was delineated.The vegetation map model was extracted from vegetation sampling with remote sensing(RS) datasets by decision tree method.The spatial resolution of the map is 1 km×1 km,and in it the alpine swamp meadow is firstly distinguished in the high-altitude areas.The results showed that the total vegetated area in the permafrost zone of the QTP is 1,201,751 km~2.In the vegetated region,50,260 km~2 is the areas of alpine swamp meadow,583,909 km~2 for alpine meadow,332,754 km~2 for alpine steppe,and 234,828 km~2 for alpine desert.This updated vegetation map in permafrost zone of QTP could provide more details about the distribution of alpine vegetation types for studying the vegetation mechanisms in the land surface processes of highaltitude areas.     

河南省基本公共服务质量空间格局与空间效应研究

构建基本公共服务质量评价指标体系,对河南省基本公共服务水平和空间格局特征进行了分析,最后采用空间杜宾模型研究了基本公共服务的空间溢出效应与影响因素。研究发现：① 2005~2014年河南省各市基本公共服务水平呈不同程度的上升趋势,但整体水平不高;空间格局上呈自西北向东南衰减的半环带圈层结构。② 基本公共服务在市际尺度上具有显著的全局与局部自相关特征,随时间呈现集聚-分散-集聚的演变模式;高高集聚与低低集聚的空间俱乐部趋同特征明显。③ 空间杜宾模型检验表明基本公共服务空间上存在溢出效应;城镇化水平、地方政府财政支出能力、地方经济发展活力对基本公共服务具有正向促进作用。     

Effects of an artificial reef system on demersal nekton assemblages in Xiangshan Bay,China

In 2012, an artificial reef system was deployed in Xiangshan Bay, China, to enhance its fishery resources. To determine the effect of the artificial reef system on the demersal nekton assemblages, a beforeafter- control-impact study design was applied. Comparisons of assemblages from impact and control habitats revealed that the assemblage in the impact area had a gradual response to reef deployment. The assemblages in the impact and control areas changed in different ways after reef deployment. During the study period, total biomass, species richness and average body weight in the control area remained relatively stable, whereas there were significant increases in these indicators in the impact area. Responses to the reefs differed among nekton species, inducing assemblage succession in the reefs post-deployment. Sparus macrocephalus and Cynoglossus abbreviatus benefited most from reef deployment. Conversely, smallsized shrimp Palaemon gravieri showed a progressive decrease in biomass following reef deployment. Overall, the artificial reef system diversified the demersal nekton assemblage, enhanced the total biomass, and increased the proportion of large-sized species.     

2011/2012年夏季南极半岛北端周边海域的水团与水交换

通过分析中国第28次南极考察队于2011年12月至2012年1月在南极半岛北端周边海域获得的5条断面CTD观测温盐剖面数据, 进一步认识了该海域的水团组成和水交换情况。观测区域南部的鲍威尔海盆及周边深海区, 可以观测到保持了较显著高温核心的威德尔深层水、密度大于28.27 kg·m^-3的威德尔海深层水以及温度低于－0.7 ℃的威德尔海底层水。周边陆坡上的威德尔海深层水则表现出因与周围水体发生混合而核心性质减弱的特征。在菲利普海岭、埃斯佩里兹海槽等复杂地形处, 观测到的对应于威德尔海深层水深度的混合与热盐入侵过程更为显著。威德尔海深层水能够到达南设得兰群岛以北的象岛东北面海域, 但是高盐核心加深至1 500 db, 并上覆温度基本不变但盐度随深度显著增大的较暖水体, 表明威德尔海深层水经历了不同的路径和变性过程。布兰斯菲尔德海峡中没有绕极深层水大规模侵入的迹象, 但是乔治王岛周边陆架上可能存在涡旋等中尺度过程, 会影响德雷克海峡与布兰斯菲尔德海峡之间的水交换。     

基于水下摄像的渔山列岛厚壳贻贝资源评估与分析

厚壳贻贝是我国东部沿海重要的经济贝类之一,自然环境中栖息范围不甚明确。本文于2014年7月间利用水下摄像的手段,调查和分析了渔山列岛不同断面上厚壳贻贝的自然分布特征。结果表明:渔山列岛潮下带5条断面的生态类型差异显著,不同断面栖息的优势种也不相同;断面间厚壳贻贝的栖息密度均值为37.04~185.80 ind/m2,其中断面A的栖息密度最低,断面E的栖息密度最高,断面C和断面D的栖息密度相差不大,但是不同调查样方内厚壳贻贝的栖息密度从0~388.89 ind/m2不等;厚壳贻贝主要分布在水深3~9 m的水层中,其中以水深5~8 m的水层中最为密集,约占总栖息密度的90%以上;在水深8 m的区带上,厚壳贻贝的栖息密度为160.19 ind/m2,当水深小于1 m和大于11 m时,厚壳贻贝分布极少;经双因素方差分析表明,厚壳贻贝栖息密度在不同断面(F=57.011,P<0.01)和不同水层(F=66.495,P<0.01)中的差异均极显著,断面和水层的交互作用(F=10.483,P<0.01)对厚壳贻贝的自然分布也有极显著差异;经检验,厚壳贻贝栖息密度(A)的自然分布与水深(D)呈正态分布,可以用高斯方程拟合,R2的取值范围为0.8753~0.9997;利用聚类分析发现,调查样方被明显的分为3组,体现了水深在厚壳贻贝自然分布中的显著作用。     

2016—2017年中国中东部本底地区PM10化学特性

对中国中东部3个区域大气本底观测站2015年12月—2017年12月PM₁₀质量浓度及其化学成分空间分布与季节变化特征进行研究,结果显示:研究期间龙凤山站、临安站和金沙站平均PM₁₀质量浓度分别为57.5,62.2 μg·m-3和57.6 μg·m-3。其中临安站和金沙站2017年PM₁₀质量浓度较2016年有所下降,但龙凤山站有所上升。与2013年相比,临安站和金沙站平均PM₁₀质量浓度分别降低29.3%和26.2%。临安站SO₄2-,NO₃-和NH₄+平均质量浓度分别为9.9,8.2 μg·m-3和3.7 μg·m-3,金沙站分别为10.2,6.7 μg·m-3和2.6 μg·m-3,均高于龙凤山站的5.9,4.9 μg·m-3和2.1 μg·m-3,其中龙凤山站和临安站的NO₃-与SO₄2-质量浓度比值较高（0.9和0.8）,金沙站较低（0.6）。龙凤山站的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）质量浓度分别为10.1 μg·m-3和2.7 μg·m-3,临安站为6.7 μg·m-3和3.1 μg·m-3,金沙站为4.7 μg·m-3和2.3 μg·m-3,即龙凤山站OC最高,金沙站最低,3个站点的EC基本相当,临安站略高。与2013年相比,研究期间临安站SO₄2-,NH₄+和OC分别下降38.1%,26.0%和55.6%,金沙站分别下降46.3%,51.9%和44.7%,但临安站和金沙站的NO₃-分别上升12.3%和15.5%;临安站EC下降27.9%,金沙站EC上升4.5%。3个站点夏季PM₁₀,NO₃-,EC质量浓度及NO₃-与SO₄2-质量浓度比值均最低。     

Atmospheric Rivers and Mei-yu Rainfall in China:A Case Study of Summer 2020※

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow, and transient filaments of strong horizontal water vapor transport that can lead to extreme precipitation. To investigate the relationship between ARs and mei-yu rainfall in China, the mei-yu season of 2020 in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin is taken as an example. An adjusted AR-detection algorithm is applied on integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the ERA5 reanalysis. The JRA-55 reanalysis and the data from Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) are also utilized to study the impacts of ARs on mei-yu rainfall in 2020. The results reveal that ARs in East Asia have an average length of 5400 km, a width of 600 km, a length/width ratio of 9.3, and a northeastward orientation of 30°. ARs are modulated by the western North Pacific subtropical high. The IVT core is located at the south side of low pressure systems, moving eastward with a speed of 10° d^?1. For the cross sections of ARs in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin, 75% of the total flux is concentrated below 4 km with low-level jets near AR cores. Moreover, ARs occur mainly in the mei-yu period with a frequency of 20%–60%. The intensity of AR-related precipitation is 6–12 times that of AR-unrelated precipitation, and AR-related precipitation contributes about 50%–80% to total mei-yu precipitation. As shown in this case study of summer 2020, ARs are an essential part of the mei-yu system and have great impacts on mei-yu rainfall. Thus, ARs should receive more attention in research and weather forecast practices.     

山东孤岛油田馆陶组沉积晚期浅水振荡湖泊沉积

浅水振荡湖泊是一种特殊的浅水湖泊沉积类型，湖盆地形平坦、湖面广阔、水体极浅，广大湖区受气候影响湖平面频繁振荡式升降变化，沉积物多表现为氧化、还原环境交替的红灰相间的细粒沉积物。馆陶组馆1+2砂层组沉积时期浅水振荡湖泊广泛发育，表现为高频红、灰泥岩互层、物源供应不足、浅水湖泊沉积构造及生物成因构造发育、水进→水退沉积旋回明显的沉积特征。通过取心井的观察描述和分析化验，识别出水道砂坝、砂坪、混合坪、泥坪和沼泽5种沉积微相类型，建立了孤岛油田馆1+2砂层组浅水振荡湖泊沉积模式。     

The fluctuating environment associated with the episodic biotic crisis during the Permo/Triassic transition:Evidence from microbial biomarkers in Changxing,Zhejiang Province

The environmental conditions and the biotic crisis during the Permo-Triassic (Tr/P) transition received increasing attention in the past decades. Presented herein are the molecular fossil records of cyano-bacteria and green sulfur bacteria,the base of the marine ecosystem,to highlight the episodic nature of both the environment and the biotic crisis during this critical period. At least two episodes of cyano-bacterial expansion are documented by 2-methylhopanes ranging from C28 to C32 in carbon number,indicative of the instable marine ecosystem and the fluctuant aquatic nutrients. Meanwhile,the index of 2-alkyl-1,3,4-trimethylbenzenes (biomarkers of green sulfur bacteria) and the ratio of pristane to phy-tane (Pr/Ph) witness the fluctuation of sedimentary environmental redox conditions. The above mo-lecular evidence suggests the occurrence of highly fluctuating environmental conditions during the Tr/P transition,which is consistent with,and probably the cause of,the multi-phased biotic crisis and the prolonged faunal recovery.     

起伏地表静校正浮动基准面选取方法研究

本文分析了静校正中不同浮动基准面的特点及确定方法。通过理论模型试验对平滑地表、平均静校正量与最小静校正误差等浮动基准面的静校正效果进行比较,验证了在最小静校正误差基准面上得到的叠加速度仅取决于低速带底界下伏地层的速度,而与地形起伏、低速带结构无关,得到的叠加剖面具有较好的同相叠加效果。另外为了更加符合实际资料处理情况,本文中采用波动方程模拟数据进行理论模型试验,并由此给出了一种新的基于波形的目标函数计算方法。同时修改了最小静校正误差计算公式,使其适用于起伏底界非均匀速度模型的实际资料静校正处理。最后部分对实际资料的处理进一步证明了该方法的优越性。