垃圾填埋场渗沥液pH值变化对粘土防渗层压缩性的影响

粘土防渗层是垃圾填埋设施中直接接触渗沥液的防渗层,防渗层有效地阻隔了垃圾渗沥液下渗,减少了渗沥液对环境的污染.以成都粘土为研究对象,采用高压固结试验研究粘土防渗层在不同浸润时间、不同pH渗沥液浸润下对粘土层固结参数的影响.结果表明:浸润时间和渗沥液pH对粘土固结参数的影响较大.随着浸润时间的增加,渗沥液pH值对土的压缩...     

Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China

Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Fe) in surface sediments from nine sites in western Xiamen Bay and its vicinity were studied in order to understand current metal contamination due to urbanization and economic development in Xiamen, China. The sediment samples were collected in December 2004 and July 2005 respectively in order to examine temporal variations. In this study, we found that heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments sampled in the western Xiamen Bay and adjacent Maluan Bay and Yuandang Lagoon varied from 19 to 97mg kg(-1) for Cu, 45 to 60mg kg(-1) for Pb, 65 to 223mg kg(-1) for Zn, 0.11 to 1.01mg kg(-1) for Cd, 37 to 134mg kg(-1) for Cr, 25 to 65mg kg(-1) for Ni and 3.08 to 4.81% for Fe. Although all metal concentrations in sediments meets Chinese National Standard Criteria for Marine Sediment Quality, both metal enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) show that Pb contamination exists in the entire study area and contamination of other metals are also present in some locations depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area. This study shows that using the sediment quality standard criteria only to assess sediments cannot properly reflect sediment contamination. A multiple approaches should be applied for the sediment quality assessment.     

Density functional studies of the structural characteristics, Al NMR chemical shifts and water-exchange reactions of Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26(Al30) in aqueous solution

In this paper, the structure of the Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₆¹⁸⁺(Al₃₀) polyoxocation in aqueous solution is investigated, including an exploration of its water-exchange reaction using a supramolecular model. Thirty-one solvent water molecules were explicitly included in the supramolecular model to approximate the influence of the solvent. The calculated results indicated that both the gas-phase and the supramolecular models could correctly reproduce the structure of the Al₃₀ polyoxocation, but the supramolecular model described the structure more accurately. Using the supramolecular model, we calculated the ²⁷Al NMR chemical shifts of various aluminum atoms using HF and GIAO methods, and they compared well to the chemical shifts determined experimentally. The water-exchange reaction of the Al₃₀ polyoxocation could not be simulated with the gas phase model because of a proton-transfer reaction that is induced by the highly positive charge of the Al₃₀ polyoxocation. However, the inclusion of an explicit second solvation sphere lowered the acidity of the coordinated water molecules and allowed simulation of the water exchange reaction.     

西太平洋深海沉积物古菌多样性垂直分布

以提取并纯化的西太平洋深海沉积物DNA为模板,利用古菌PCR特异性引物扩增出样品中古菌的16S rDNA片段,构建其克隆文库,建立阳性克隆子RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymor-phism)酶切图谱。据酶切图谱对所获得的120个克隆进行测序,并与数据库中的序列进行比对,从而进行古菌的多样性和系统发育分析。结果表明,沉积物中扩增的16S rDNA古菌序列分别来自泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota),以Marine Benthic Group B(11.8%)、Marine Benthic Group D(13.6%)、Marine Crenarchaeotic Group(68.69%)为主。少量序列为South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(1.07%)、Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotic Group(1.61%)、UIIB(1.25%)、VALIII(1.79%)、Marine Benthic Group E(0.18%)。以上结果表明西太平洋深海沉积物中有丰富多样的古菌群落。     

南华北盆地青白口系—侏罗系层序界面时空分布特征研究

以位于秦岭—大别造山带之北、华北陆块南部、地跨华北陆块稳定块体、陆块南部边缘变形带的南华北盆地为研究对象,通过对研究区42条不同时代的野外剖面详细观测,运用层序地层学理论,把南华北盆地作为一个整体系统,对青白口系—侏罗系层序界面特征及时空分布规律进行了系统分析,共识别出了8种类型层序界面的物质表现形式,分别是不整合面、渣状层、古喀斯特作用面、冲刷侵蚀面、超覆面、岩性岩相转换面、最大海泛面、最大湖泛面。并重点讨论了各类型界面的时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间演化上,从早到晚由海相—海陆过渡相—陆相,层序界面经历了海相沉积不整合、古喀斯特作用面、渣状层到陆相不整合面、冲刷侵蚀面等;在空间上,同一层序界面在不同相带表现形式不同,同一种类型的界面可在不同相带出现,但不同相带表现特征有一定差异性。     

Review on physical models of lunar brightness temperature

Brightness temperature is a main index to reflect the energy of microwave radiation of an object. Using lunar brightness temperature data, physical properties of lunar regolith, such as thickness, heat flow and dielectric permittivity, could be interpreted. There are two methods to study brightness temperature distribution of the moon: the first is used to measure lunar brightness temperature by radio observation or spaceborne microwave radiometers, and the second is used to simulate calculation by the physical model. On the basis of the measurements of lunar brightness temperature in the history, this study analyzed the main physical model of lunar brightness temperature, also including its theory and influence factors. The authors concluded that surface and subsurface temperatures of the moon, dielectric properties and layered structure of lunar regolith were the main factors affecting the global brightness temperature of the moon. These factors should be quantified in detail in the future research.     

城市非点源污染管理的制度、信息和决策支撑

城市非点源污染对中国水环境的威胁日益加剧。制度不健全、信息基础薄弱和缺少决策支撑是当前城市非点源污染管理的主要制约因素。短期内,改善城市非点源污染管理的首要任务是夯实信息基础。从长远来看,制度的完善是落实城市非点源污染管理的根本保障。发达国家在信息基础建设和制度设计方面的成果和经验对于中国城市非点源污染管理工作有重要的参考价值。此外,先进的决策支撑技术是管理获得预期成效的重要保障。国际上决策支撑技术研究的最新发展动态值得国内相关领域借鉴。     

洼地开采地下水的地质环境效应研究——以天津市黄港洼应急水源地为例

天津市是我国水资源缺乏、人均占有淡水资源最少的城市之一,也是我国地面沉降最为严重的地区之一。地面沉降现已成为天津市的主要地质灾害,并在一定程度上制约着天津城镇的可持续发展。天津市平原区洼地众多,这些洼地大部分是天津市的湿地分布区。在洼地内建设应急地下水水源地,既可以起到为城区供水,缓解城区的地面沉降,又可以改善洼地生态环境的作用。     

地震过程中斜坡滑动破坏实验分析

为了研究地震引起的斜坡滑动破坏规律及其位移、应变的变化规律,利用数字散斑相关方法(DSCM),对主要受水平方向地震动荷载作用下的斜坡进行了实验模拟。结果表明,斜坡的破坏首先从模型底部弱面位置开始,沿弱面逐渐扩展,最终破坏;斜坡所含弱面的深度,对破坏过程有重要的影响。     

基于灰色理论的地下水埋深预测分析

根据灰色理论预测的基本原理,建立GM（1,1）预测模型,对河北省沧州市东辛店乡地下水位埋深进行实例预测,并对预测结果进行精度检验,分析灰色理论模型在地下水位埋深预测的可行性,结果表明：灰色GM（1,1）可以在数据较少的情况下进行短期预测,且预测精度高,计算简单;另外,通过预测结果和采取措施后的实际水位埋深的比较,可以清晰的看到所采取措施的效果。