川西高原中部一次极端暴雪成因分析

利用0.5°×0.5°的ECWMF再分析资料,常规气象资料以及西南区域数值预报模式模拟等资料,应用天气分析和诊断方法,对2016年2月21日川西高原中东部的极端暴雪天气过程进行系统分析。结果表明:500hPa贝加尔湖横槽旋转南下使得冷空气并入川西高原中部的低槽中,其与西南暖湿气流交汇产生的锋生以及西南急流存在是此次暴雪天气产生的重要原因;随着副高的北进,此次强降雪开始之前有来自于孟加拉湾和南海的两支水汽输送,西南低空急流稳定维持为此次暴雪提供了充足的水汽。MPV2在此次暴雪过程中起到了重要作用;强降雪主要发生在SVD(Slantwise Vorticity Development)强烈发展的时段内,暴雪落区与SVD发展最强烈的区域重合;西南区域数值预报模式提前6h对此次暴雪的形势场和物理量场都做出了较为准确的预报,其中垂直速度和水汽条件预报与实况最吻合,但降水预报的量级较实况偏弱一个量级,强降水落区比强度预报更准确。     

两种统计降尺度方法在秦岭山地的适用性

基于ASD（automated statistical downscaling）统计降尺度模型提供的多元线性回归和岭回归两种统计降尺度方法,采用RCP4.5（representative concentration pathways 4.5）和RCP8.5情景下全球气候模式MPI-ESM-LR输出的预报因子数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和秦岭山地周边10个气象站观测数据,评估两种统计降尺度方法在秦岭山地的适用性及预估秦岭山地未来3个时期（2006-2040年、2041-2070年和2071-2100年）的平均气温和降水。结果表明:率定期和验证期内,两种统计降尺度方法均可以较好地模拟研究区域的平均气温和降水的变化特征,且多元线性回归的模拟效果优于岭回归。在未来气候情景下,两种统计降尺度方法预估的研究区域平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,气温增幅随辐射强迫增加而增大。降水方面,21世纪未来3个时期降水均呈不明显减少趋势,但季节分配发生变化。综合考虑两种统计降尺度方法在秦岭山地对平均气温和降水的模拟效果和情景预估结果,认为多元线性回归降尺度方法更适用于秦岭山地气候变化的降尺度预估研究。     

Characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load from crop farming in the context of livelihood diversification

Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following: (1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more “transfer-into” than “transfer-out”. Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household > non-labor household > adequate labor household. (2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor. (3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%–29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%–72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus. (4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, while potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household > half-labor household > non-labor household. (5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to off-farm household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture. Hence, significant decreases in the planting pollution load necessitate the development of control measures to enhance transformations from agricultural to off-farm livelihoods.     

Applying energy theory to understand the relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake

The complex relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake controls the exchange of water and sediment between the two, and exerts effects on water resources, flooding, shipping, and the ecological environment. The theory of energy is applied in this paper to investigate the physical mechanisms that determine the nature of the contact between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake and to establish an energy difference (F_e) index to quantify the interactions between the two systems. Data show that F_e values for this interaction have increased since the 1950s, indicating a weakening in the river effect while the lake effect has been enhanced. Enclosure of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has also significantly influenced the relationship between the river and the lake by further reducing the impacts of the Yangtze River. The river effect also increases slightly during the dry season, and decreases significantly at the end of the flooding period, while interactions between the two to some extent influence the development of droughts and floods within the lake area. Data show that when the flow of the five rivers within this area is significant and a blocking effect due to the Yangtze River is also clearly apparent, floods occur easily; in contrast, when the opposite is true and the flow of the five rivers is small, and the Yangtze River can accommodate the flow, droughts occur frequently. Construction and enclosure of the TGR also means that the lake area is prone to droughts during September and October.     

Iodine in Chinese coals and its geochemistry during coalification

To determine the I distribution in Chinese coals, a nationwide survey was undertaken based on the distribution, periods of formation, rank and production yields of various coal deposits. A total of 305 coal samples were collected and their I contents were determined by catalytic spectrophotometry with pyrohydrolysis. The geochemistry of I during coalification (including both peat diagenesis and coal metamorphism) was assessed. It was found that the I contents of Chinese coals range from 0.04 mg kg^–1 to 39.5 mg kg^–1 and exhibit a lognormal distribution, with a geometric mean of 1.27 mg kg^–1. Statistical correlation analysis and the observation that I contents increase with coal rank indicate that coal I is chalcophile in nature, and not generally organically bound. When peat developed into lignite through diagenesis, 95–99.9% of the original I was lost. The composition and structure of clay minerals present in the coal were controlled by the original depositional environment. The higher the I content of coals, the more likely the original sediments were affected by a marine environment. Iodine contents increased from lignite through sub-bituminous and bituminous coals to anthracite. This indicates that coal absorbed excess I from hydrothermal fluids during metamorphism (including geothermal metamorphism and telemagmatic metamorphism). The telemagmatic metamorphism was caused by magmatic activities that depended on the specific geological structure of the region. In China, most high-rank coals were formed by telemagmatic metamorphism.     

Origin of the Tongshankou porphyry–skarn Cu–Mo deposit,eastern Yangtze craton,Eastern China: geochronological,geochemical, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic constraints

The Tongshankou Cu–Mo deposit, located in the westernmost Daye district of the Late Mesozoic Metallogenic Belt along the Middle-Lower reaches of the Yangtze River, eastern China, consists mainly of porphyry and skarn ores hosted in the Tongshankou granodiorite and along the contact with the Lower Triassic marine carbonates, respectively. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe zircon U–Pb dating constrains the crystallization of the granodiorite at 140.6 ± 2.4 Ma (1σ). Six molybdenite samples from the porphyry ores yield Re–Os isochron age of 143.8 ± 2.6 Ma (2σ), while a phlogopite sample from the skarn ores yields an ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 143.0 ± 0.3 Ma and an isochron age of 143.8 ± 0.8 Ma (2σ), indicating an earliest Cretaceous mineralization event. The Tongshankou granodiorite has geochemical features resembling slab-derived adakites, such as high Sr (740–1,300 ppm) and enrichment in light rare earth elements (REE), low Sc (<10 ppm), Y (<13.3 ppm), and depletion in heavy REE (<1.2 ppm Yb), and resultant high Sr/Y (60–92) and La/Yb (26–75) ratios. However, they differ from typical subduction-related adakites by high K, low MgO and Mg#, and radiogenic Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions, with (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _t  = 0.7062–0.7067, ɛ _Nd(t) = −4.37 to −4.63, (¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf) _t  = 0.282469–0.282590, and ɛ _Hf(t) = −3.3 to −7.6. The geochemical and isotopic data, coupled with geological analysis, indicate that the Tongshankou granodiorite was most likely generated by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle that was previously metasomitized by slab melts related to an ancient subduction system. Magmas derived from such a source could have acquired a high oxidation state, as indicated by the assemblage of quartz–magnetite–titanite–amphibole–Mg-rich biotite in the Tongshankou granodiorite and the compositions of magmatic biotite that fall in the field between the NiNiO and magnetite–hematite buffers in the Fe³⁺–Fe²⁺–Mg diagram. Sulfur would have been present as sulfates in such highly oxidized magmas, so that chalcophile elements Cu and Mo were retained as incompatible elements in the melt, contributing to subsequent mineralization. A compilation of existing data reveals that porphyry and porphyry-related Cu–Fe–Au–Mo mineralization from Daye and other districts of the Metallogenic Belt along the Middle-Lower reaches of the Yangtze River took place coevally in the Early Cretaceous and was related to an intracontinental extensional environment, distinctly different from the arc-compressive setting of the Cenozoic age that has been responsible for the emplacement of most porphyry Cu deposits of the Pacific Rim.     

Assessment of second- and third-order ionospheric effects on regional networks: case study in China with longer CMONOC GPS coordinate time series

Higher-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are one of the principal technique-specific error sources in precise global positioning system analysis and have been proposed to become a standard part of precise GPS data processing. In this research, we apply HOI delay corrections to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China’s (CMONOC) data processing (from January 2000 to December 2013) and furnish quantitative results for the effects of HOI on CMONOC coordinate time series. The results for both a regional reference frame and global reference frame are analyzed and compared to clarify the HOI effects on the CMONOC network. We find that HOI corrections can effectively reduce the semi-annual signals in the northern and vertical components. For sites with lower semi-annual amplitudes, the average decrease in magnitude can reach 30 and 10 % for the northern and vertical components, respectively. The noise amplitudes with HOI corrections and those without HOI corrections are not significantly different. Generally, the HOI effects on CMONOC networks in a global reference frame are less obvious than the results in the regional reference frame, probably because the HOI-induced errors are smaller in comparison to the higher noise levels seen when using a global reference frame. Furthermore, we investigate the combined contributions of environmental loading and HOI effects on the CMONOC stations. The largest loading effects on the vertical displacement are found in the mid- to high-latitude areas. The weighted root mean square differences between the corrected and original weekly GPS height time series of the loading model indicate that the mass loading adequately reduced the scatter on the CMONOC height time series, whereas the results in the global reference frame showed better agreements between the GPS coordinate time series and the environmental loading. When combining the effects of environmental loading and HOI corrections, the results with the HOI corrections reduced the scatter on the observed GPS height coordinates better than the height when estimated without HOI corrections, and the combined solutions in the regional reference frame indicate more preferred improvements. Therefore, regional reference frames are recommended to investigate the HOI effects on regional networks.     

产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化

以广州软件和信息技术产业集群为案例,分析产业范式转变背景下地方创业区位选择对产业集群空间演化的影响。结果显示：初始资源富集和政策环境导向使特定空间成为创业的优势区位,早期第一代创业企业在其中集聚发展形成集群雏形,并在关系网络和区域认同作用下形成产业集群空间核心区。第二代创业企业在产业转型契机下选择开拓缝隙市场,新的区位诉求由此产生并作用在集群的空间演化上。总的来说,产业转型期同时也是集群空间转变的关键时期,创业企业通过区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次。     

太行-五台山区不同时代花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学的特征对比及陆壳演化

通过对太行－五台山区太古宙、元古宙和中生代等不同时代的花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学特征的对比，并将晚太古时期花岗岩类同国内外同时期花岗岩类进行对比，确定了本区晚太古时期花岗岩类岩石组合为英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩或英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩－花岗岩，并以奥长花岗岩演化趋势为主，叠加了部分钙碱性演化；而元古宙、中生代花岗岩类岩石组合则主要为花岗闪长岩－花岗岩或花岗岩，以钙碱性演化趋势为特征。可以认为晚太古时期的太行－五台山区正处于陆壳演化的初始阶段和成熟阶段之间的过渡性阶段。     

洞庭湖地区地球化学土壤质量分区及评价

该文根据营养元素的含量，对洞庭湖地区的土壤质量进行了优、劣分区。在优势区可以少施或免施钙镁磷肥，在劣势区应少施有机肥和磷肥，多施氮、钾肥及多元素复合肥。