浙中后山店花岗斑岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素及其地质意义

针对浙中地区后山店花岗斑岩体进行高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和锆石Lu-Hf同位素的测定。测年结果显示其加权平均年龄值为148.5 Ma±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.4),说明浙中地区有晚侏罗世侵入岩的存在,属于燕山早期晚阶段岩浆活动的产物,其成岩时代可能代表了古太平洋构造域下的板内岩浆活动和陆缘弧间的过渡阶段。锆石的εHf(t)值为-10.3~-3.5,均为负值,二阶段模式年龄tHf2(Ma)变化范围主要集中于1 400 Ma~1 829 Ma之间,反映其物质来源可能为中元古代下地壳基底物质,并在成岩过程中有幔源组分的参与。     

晚中新世-上新世黄土高原佳县红粘土剖面碳同位素记录与C4植被演化

新生代C4植被开始扩张的年代、过程和驱动机制是全球古气候变化研究的焦点问题.中国黄土高原的黄土-红粘土剖面保存了连续的古生态演化记录,是研究这一关键科学问题的理想载体.本文选择黄土高原北部佳县厚达64m的红粘土剖面(8.2～2.7Ma),对190个层位的次生方解石矿物进行了无机碳同位素测试,由此分析了晚中新世-上新世末的C4植被扩张和演化过程.C4植被持续增长与全球冰盖的扩张基本一致,表明气候变冷很可能导致了黄土高原区域气候的干旱化与降雨季节性的增强.C4植被的扩张存在明显的3个阶段,分别以6.6Ma和3.6Ma为界限,每一次扩张增加10％左右,暗示了全球性的构造事件对黄土高原植被演化的控制.此外,佳县红粘土剖面呈现10次持续时间为10 ～ 20万年的碳同位素正漂移事件,平均每40万年发生一次,说明40万年轨道周期也控制着C4植被的演化.     

汉江上游晏家棚段全新世古洪水研究

通过对汉江上游详尽的野外考察,在湖北郧县晏家棚河段全新世黄土—古土壤地层中发现3层典型古洪水滞流沉积物。在沉积学的基础上,使用OSL技术断代,确定3期特大洪水事件分别在1 000~900 a BP,1 800~1 600 a BP和3 200~2 800 a BP期间发生。采用"古洪水SWD尖灭点高程法"确定这3期古洪水事件的洪峰水位介于176.20~176.73 m。运用Arc GIS耦合HEC-RAS水力模型,推求这3期古洪水事件的洪峰流量介于53 770~55 950 m3/s,并从多种角度验证了该模型计算结果的科学性和合理性。将此结果与实测洪水和历史洪水资料接续,构成万年尺度洪水水文数据序列,得到汉江上游晏家棚河段万年一遇和千年一遇洪水的流量分别为59 100和45 200m3/s。采用HEC-RAS模型对研究河段进行古洪水模拟,方法科学,结果可靠。将该河段洪水水文数据序列有效地延长到万年尺度,极大地提高了设计洪水的可靠性。     

Advances in Oxygenation Theory and Technology in Deep Lakes

Deep lakes always maintain vertical thermal stratification due to their physical structure. The thermocline prevents the transfer of oxygen from epilimnion to hypolimnion, leading to the formation of anoxic conditions in deeper water, the enhanced release of endogenous pollutants and the deterioration of water quality. Oxygenation is an effective measure to improve the water quality of deep lakes and mitigate the release of endogenous pollutants via the increase of the oxygen level in water. This paper provided an overview of the method and theory of oxygenation in deep lakes. Advantages and limitations of different methods of oxygenation, including artificial destratification, airlift aerators, Speece cone and bubble plume diffusers, were discussed. In addition, challenges and prospects of oxygenation were assessed based on the analyzing of typical examples of oxygenation in deep lakes and the difference in oxygenation system used in deep lakes and shallow lakes.     

建设生态文明保障新型城镇群环境安全与可持续发展

党的十八大报告上提出生态文明建设应融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设与社会建设之中,成为"五位一体"。这项发展战略将对我国今后的科学发展,有着重要的指导意义。论文以生态文明建设为基本出发点,根据自然条件及其发展效应概括了八种不同的城镇群发展类型,指出了现阶段因地制宜发展城镇群的必要性;并针对发展过程中的一些地质环境问题进行讨论,重点针对普遍存在的水、土资源安全与可持续发展问题、极端自然灾害问题、大型工程建设与发展的综合环境不良效应问题,环境污染的危害问题进行了探讨。基于以上分析讨论,作者对城镇建设划分为五个级别,并分别探讨了不同层次城镇的功能,强调了城乡一体化以及协调发展的重要性。     

贵州施秉白云岩溶蚀特性及孔隙特征实验研究

以贵州施秉白云岩为研究对象,从宏观和微观角度分析白云岩的溶蚀特性及孔隙特征,结果显示:(1)在众多影响施秉喀斯特发育的因素中,矿物成分是最基本的内因,水是最关键的外因,孔隙结构起辅助作用。(2)极细晶白云岩的单位表面积溶蚀量一般大于细晶白云岩的,在晶粒相同的情况下,白云岩的溶蚀量与Ca O和Mg O的含量分别成正比,且Mg O的含量影响较Ca O大。(3)施秉白云岩溶蚀速率不仅受岩石矿物颗粒粒径大小的控制,还受岩石内部孔隙结构特征的影响,颗粒粒径越大,孔隙度越高,连通性越好,越有利于水溶液进入,溶蚀量也就越大。(4)施秉白云岩的溶蚀特性是多种因素综合作用的结果,必须把各个因素分离开来,从宏观和微观角度逐个作详细的分析研究,然后综合起来,才能对喀斯特发育规律有更深入的了解。     

羌塘角木日地区中二叠统龙格组泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积岩物源分析对揭示盆地物质组成、储集岩性质及古环境恢复等研究具有重要指示意义。文中对藏北羌塘盆地角木日地区中二叠统龙格组的钙质泥岩样品进行了微量元素地球化学测试分析,系统地研究了微量元素含量、特征比值及稀土元素配分方式。结果表明研究区龙格组钙质泥岩样品具有中等轻稀土元素分异((La/Sm)N=2.50~5.41),重稀土元素比较平坦((Gd/Yb)N=1.32~2.47),具有微弱的Eu负异常;Sr/Ba,V/Cr,Ni/Co,Ceanom及δEu等相关参数综合显示,研究区中二叠纪时期整体表现为海相氧化环境;样品Rb/Sr比值及La/Th-Hf,La/Sc-Co/Th,Th/Sc-Zr/Sc关系图解综合说明龙格组钙质泥岩物源区风化作用较弱,源岩主要为安山岩;通过对沉积岩La/Sc-Ti/Zr,La-Th-Sc和Th-Sc-Zr/10等构造环境判别图解分析,综合表明区钙质泥岩物源区的构造背景主要为大洋岛弧型。     

RTK终端实时动态检测技术研究

传统的RTK(实时动态定位)终端检测采用静态基线数据解算的方法,该检测方法与RTK终端实际动态应用场景不符,无法满足动态检测需要。通过研制高精度的车载导航基准设备和开发车载动态检测软件,同时解决车载设备数据的同步问题,提出基于车载移动平台的实时动态RTK终端检测技术。车载基准设备和待检测设备可以动态解算同源数据并实时上发结果,软件处理中心通过比对处理解算结果,对待检测设备进行检测评价。实验结果表明,设计所得的车载系统可稳定运行,并实现动态检测过程。同时,在良好的观测条件下,检测精度平面方向达到1cm,高程方向达到2cm,实现高精度实时动态检测的目的。     

Experimental Analysis of Various Types of Road Intersections for Interchange Detection

Road interchanges are a major pattern type in road networks. Recognition of road interchanges benefits automated road network generalization, car navigation and traffic flow analysis. This study first investigated several existing approaches to automatically detecting interchanges in a road network, and determined that the recognition of characteristic road intersections is essential for the effective detection of interchanges. Several experiments were carried out to investigate nine types of road intersections for interchange detection and to analyze characteristic ones. Furthermore, an approach to the detection of both intersections and segments of interchanges was proposed and validated. The road networks across different scales were tested and results show that: (1) the T‐shaped and Cross‐shaped junctions are very common in road networks, but they are not the most characteristic ones for interchange detection; (2) the y‐shaped, Y‐shaped types, X‐shaped, Fork‐shaped and Multi‐leg may be the characteristic types for interchange detection; (3) the proposed approach to detecting interchanges is effective, and most of the intersections and segments of interchanges can be detected. In addition, taking multiple characteristic types into consideration for interchange detection is suggested.     

Comparative Study of Approaches to Delineating Built‐Up Areas Using Road Network Data

Delineated built‐up areas may be used for applications such as navigation, database enrichment and the identification of urban sprawl. As more road network data have become available, many studies have considered using road network data to delineate built‐up areas. This study investigated the three existing approaches to delineating built‐up areas on a map: the grid‐based approach, kernel density analysis and an approach based on street blocks. These approaches are evaluated and compared from three angles. First, two measures were proposed to quantitatively evaluate the land area of the delineated built‐up areas; second, a questionnaire was designed to visually compare the representations of the delineated built‐up areas; and, third, the time complexity of using each approach was tested. The three approaches were applied to different sets of road network data for New Zealand; data from buildings and residential areas were used as benchmarks. The results showed that: (1) in a quantitative assessment, both the grid‐based approach and kernel density analysis can usually detect more built‐up areas than the approach based on street blocks; (2) on visual inspection, most of the students who completed the questionnaire performed the representations using the approach based on street blocks; and (3) in time complexity, the approach based on street blocks always takes the least time.