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131.
Yanbin Wang Jean-Paul Poirier Robert C. Liebermann 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1989,16(7):630-633
Dissociated dislocations have been observed for the first time by transmission electron microscopy in the perovskite-structure compound CaGeO3. Dislocations with Burgers vectors \(\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]\) and [001] (in pseudo-cubic index) are dissociated into collinear partials on the (110) plane: $$\left[ {1\bar 10} \right] = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}\left[ {1\bar 10} \right] + {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]$$ and [001] = 1/2[001] + 1/2[001]. The partials react to form octagonal extended nodes. The stacking fault ribbons with displacement vector \(\left[ {1\bar 10} \right]\) have a width of 350 A, which corresponds to a stacking fault energy of 35 erg/cm2 (or mJ/m2). 相似文献
132.
Kazuo Kobayashi Jean-Paul Cadet Jean Aubouin Jacques Boulgue Jacques Dubois Roland von Huene Laurent Jolivet Toshihiko Kanazawa Junzo Kasahara Kin-ichiro Koizumi Serge Lallemand Yasuo Nakamura Guy Pautot Kiyoshi Suyehiro Shin Tani Hidekazu Tokuyama Toshitsugu Yamazaki 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1987,83(1-4)
A detailed topographic and geophysical survey of the Daiichi-Kashima Seamount area in the southern Japan Trench, northwestern Pacific margin, clearly defines a high-angle normal fault which splits the seamount into two halves. A fan-shaped zone was investigated along 2–4 km spaced, 100 km long subparallel tracks using narrow multi-beam (Seabeam) echo-sounder with simultaneous measurements of gravity, magnetic total field and single-channel seismic reflection records. Vertical displacement of the inboard half was clearly mapped and its normal fault origin was supported. The northern and southern extensions of the normal fault beyond the flank of the seamount were delineated. Materials on the landward trench slope are displaced upward and to sideways away from the colliding seamount. Canyons observed in the upper landward slope terminate at the mid-slope terrace which has been uplifted since start of subduction of the seamount. Most of the landward slope except for the landward walls aside the seamount comprises only a landslide topography in a manner similar to the northern Japan Trench wall. This survey was conducted on R/V “Jean Charcot” as a part of the Kaiko I cruise, Leg 3, in July–August 1984 under the auspices of the French-Japanese scientific cooperative program. 相似文献
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135.
罗纳河历史上曾经是欧洲的一条典型的"野性"河流,洪水汹涌,桀骜不驯。后来,它又成了一条为法国近代的工业革命和现代经济发展作出重大贡献的"驯服"的河流。在500多公里的河段,建造了20多座水电站,为河流水电站梯级开发之"世界之最"。然而,自从1980年代以来,随着法国能源政策转向大力发展核电,水电站梯级开发时代的结束,环境保护的呼声日益高涨,罗纳河的整治逐渐进入以自然生态环境的恢复和保护为中心的持续发展时代。人们开始拆除水坝和河堤,恢复河漫滩湿地,等等。在这人与河流复杂的相互关系的历史中,河流流域整治的观念,政策都发生了巨大的变化,整治的科技手段也有了很大的进步。罗纳河流域整治以"健康河流"和"河流健康"为中心的发展战略,为中国河流流域整治提供了值得借鉴的经验。 相似文献
136.
Structure and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jean-Paul Toutain Jean-Claude Baubron Patrick Richon Surono Sri Sumarti Anthony Nonell 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(7):815-826
Soil temperature and gas (CO2 concentration and flux) have been investigated at Merapi volcano (Indonesia) during two inter-eruptive periods (2002 and
2007). Precise imaging of the summit crater and the spatial pattern of diffuse degassing along a gas traverse on the southern
slope are interpreted in terms of summit structure and major caldera organization. The summit area is characterized by decreasing
CO2 concentrations with distance from the 1932 crater rim, down to atmospheric levels at the base of the terminal cone. Similar
patterns are measured on any transect down the slopes of the cone. The spatial distribution of soil gas anomalies suggests
that soil degassing is controlled by structures identified as concentric historical caldera rims (1932, 1872, and 1768), which
have undergone severe hydrothermal self-sealing processes that dramatically lower the permeability and porosity of soils.
Temperature and CO2 flux measurements in soils near the dome display heterogeneous distributions which are consistent with a fracture network
identified by previous geophysical studies. These data support the idea that the summit is made of isolated and mobile blocks,
whose boundaries are either sealed by depositional processes or used as pathways for significant soil degassing. Within this
context, self-sealing both prevents long-distance soil degassing and controls heat and volatile transfers near the dome. A
rough estimate of the CO2 output through soils near the dome is 200–230 t day−1, i.e. 50% of the estimated total gas output from the volcano summit during these quiescent periods. On Merapi’s southern
slope, a 2,500 m long CO2 traverse shows low-amplitude anomalies that fit well with a recently observed electromagnetic anomaly, consistent with a
faulted structure related to an ancient avalanche caldera rim. Sub-surface soil permeability is the key parameter that controls
the transfer of heat and volatiles within the volcano, allowing its major tectonic architecture to be revealed by soil gas
and soil temperature surveys. 相似文献
137.
基于地震的全球面波层析成像技术的发展对于探测地球深部动力学状态起着至关紧要的作用。人们很自然地认为只有大地震才会产生类似探测所需要的穿入地球深部的长周期地震波。然而,由海洋和/或大气扰动随机产生的地震"哼鸣"的发现,即地球背景自由振荡,提供了一种可供选择的方法。我们在此呈现的是利用地震"哼鸣"而非天然地震进行上地幔地震层析成像的结果。在100~400s周期,Rayleigh波的相速度异常可通过下述方式测得,即对观测得到的54个遍布全球的地震台站中每两个台站间的互相关函数进行模拟,然后对这些异常进行反演,以获取上地幔三维S波速度结构。此方法为探测具有大气和/或海洋的类地行星——特别是火星的三维内部结构提供了一种新的途径。 相似文献
138.
The science and management of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea: natural history, present threats and future challenges 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The review provides an overview of the features of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in their European geographical and socio-political context. To reach sustainability in the wider sense the common society has to meet the 7 tenets - that management actions have to be environmentally sustainable, economically viable, technologically feasible, socially desirable (or at least tolerable), legally permissible, administratively achievable and politically expedient. Each of these are explained and discussed using examples from the two seas including pollution control, physical resource exploitation (such as aggregates, habitat loss, renewable energy and oil and gas), and biological resources exploitation (fisheries and aquaculture). This paper discusses the similarities between the areas in terms of their management regimes, population in the catchment, history of anthropogenic changes, derivation of objectives against a wealth of information and understanding, and the history of management and control. In contrast, the differences between the areas centre on their differing hydrographic regimes, including residence and flushing times, biological features, nature of the pollutants discharged, dominant types of fishing and type of control indicated by a predominant Eastern Bloc for the Baltic as opposed to European Union control in the North Sea. The review ends with an assessment of future challenges and examples of the way in which environmental problems have been addressed in the two areas. In particular, it sets the features against a background of management designed to achieve the Ecosystem Approach within the prevailing European marine management framework. 相似文献
139.
Jens Blotevogel Charles Pijls Bert Scheffer Jean-Paul de Waele Amy Lee Reggy van Poecke Nicolaas van Belzen Wim Staal 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2019,39(1):36-42
Electrochemical treatment is a promising emerging technology in which direct current is applied to drive the degradation of aqueous contaminants. Several bench-scale studies have demonstrated the capability of electrochemical oxidation to fully mineralize refractory organics such as pesticides and perfluorinated compounds. However, insights into large-scale design and field performance are critically lacking. Here, we designed six pilot-scale reactors and tested their performance and efficiency for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with 1,4-dioxane (1,4-DX) at concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/L. Anode surface area-normalized degradation rates increased with increasing potential applied, while the process was more energy-efficient per mass unit removed at low potentials. While not all 1,4-DX was completely mineralized, the detected ring-opening intermediates are known to be readily biodegradable. Analyses of potential by-products from chloride oxidation revealed the generation of chloromethanes and perchlorate at low mg/L concentrations. Towards the end of the 8.5-month pilot test, decreasing currents and degradation rates indicated progressing passivation of the electrodes, likely due to cathodic carbonate precipitation and/or poisoning by the uniquely high organic carbon load of this source zone groundwater. The findings of our study demonstrate that electrochemical groundwater remediation is a capable approach for the treatment of persistent organic pollutants. Our pilot-scale test provides practitioners with a basis for evaluating its efficiency under site-specific conditions and collecting critical performance metrics for technology scale-up. 相似文献
140.