内蒙古高原岩石圈构造研究

本文通过综合地球物理资料，对上、中、下地壳和岩石圈地幔属性的研究，来分析内蒙古高原岩石圈的三维构造和物质运动。地体拼合属于岩石圈挤压力较小而作用期较长的造陆作用，以内蒙古中部地区为典型代表。此区域现今包括南阿穆尔- 兴安地体西南部和锡林浩特两个元古宙地体，以及形成于太古宙的华北克拉通地体。索伦山- 西拉木伦河断裂是锡林浩特和华北克拉通地体的缝合带。发生在二叠纪的锡林浩特和华北克拉通两个地体的碰撞拼合，造成古亚洲洋南支的封闭，同时也在两个地体之间，形成了索伦山- 西拉木伦缝合带和华北克拉通北缘俯冲带。古亚洲洋封闭后，华北克拉通地体继续向锡林浩特地体下方陆- 岛俯冲，形成了宽度为60～120 km的华北克拉通北缘俯冲带。此俯冲带地层向北倾斜，上地壳变形严重，岩石圈地幔破裂充水。锡林浩特地体在石炭纪处于南阿穆尔- 兴安地体南方古亚洲洋北支俯冲的岛弧带位置，在二叠纪和华北拼合时又处于华南克拉通北方古亚洲洋南支俯冲的岛弧带位置，幔源岩浆侵入频繁。在中生代拼合后又处于地壳转变为拉张的阶段，幔源岩浆侵入作用有增无减。由于幔源岩浆侵入作用时间长久，岩浆化学分异会更加彻底，锡林浩特地体及其周边地区具有良好的成矿潜力。     

Long transequatorial interconnecting loops of the new solar cycle

We study two long transequatorial loops connecting high-latitude regions of the new solar cycle. These loops (with lengths of 47 and 61 heliographic degrees) provide evidence that the upper length limit of 37° found by Chase et al. (1976) from Skylab data was determined simply by the typical distances between northern and southern active regions during the period of Skylab observations. We find strong support for the idea that these long interconnecting loops originate through reconnection of field lines extending from the two active regions towards and beyond the equator, and confirm the earlier finding by Canfield, Pevtsov, and McClymont (1996) that only field lines from active regions with the same chirality reconnect. As we are not aware of any longitudinal (E–W) loops of comparable lengths, we suggest that it is mainly the solar differential rotation which drives the reconnection of latitudinal (N–S) field lines.     

红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法

土壤质量评价与监测是评价土壤退化的重要工作,也是重新设计持续性的土壤管理系统的基础。目前缺乏统一的评价指标以及将各项土壤性质与土壤管理措施结合起来的评价方法。本文首先提出了选择红壤质量评价指标的原则,并从化学、物理学和生物学三个方面初步探讨了评价红壤质量动态变化可资采用的指标体系,综述了国内在南方丘陵区红壤质量演化的研究中应用的指标;最后从土地评价方法中选择了可用于红壤质量评价的方法,并简要综述了国际上最新的土壤质量评价方法。     

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system coupled with shuffled frog leaping algorithm for predicting river streamflow time series

ABSTRACT

Accurate runoff forecasting plays a key role in catchment water management and water resources system planning. To improve the prediction accuracy, one needs to strive to develop a reliable and accurate forecasting model for streamflow. In this study, the novel combination of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model with the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA) is proposed. Historical streamflow data of two different rivers were collected to examine the performance of the proposed model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed ANFIS-SFLA model, six different scenarios for the model input–output architecture were investigated. The results show that the proposed ANFIS-SFLA model (R² = 0.88; NS = 0.88; RMSE = 142.30 (m³/s); MAE = 88.94 (m³/s); MAPE = 35.19%) significantly improved the forecasting accuracy and outperformed the classic ANFIS model (R² = 0.83; NS = 0.83; RMSE = 167.81; MAE = 115.83 (m³/s); MAPE = 45.97%). The proposed model could be generalized and applied in different rivers worldwide.     

Big spatial data for urban and environmental sustainability

ABSTRACT

Eighty percent of big data are associated with spatial information, and thus are Big Spatial Data (BSD). BSD provides new and great opportunities to rework problems in urban and environmental sustainability with advanced BSD analytics. To fully leverage the advantages of BSD, it is integrated with conventional data (e.g. remote sensing images) and improved methods are developed. This paper introduces four case studies: (1) Detection of polycentric urban structures; (2) Evaluation of urban vibrancy; (3) Estimation of population exposure to PM2.5; and (4) Urban land-use classification via deep learning. The results provide evidence that integrated methods can harness the advantages of both traditional data and BSD. Meanwhile, they can also improve the effectiveness of big data itself. Finally, this study makes three key recommendations for the development of BSD with regards to data fusion, data and predicting analytics, and theoretical modeling.     

A hyperspectral experiment over tropical forests based on the EO-1 orbit change and PROSAIL simulation

ABSTRACT

We designed a unique hyperspectral experiment from the Earth Observing One (EO-1) orbit change to evaluate solar illumination effects over tropical forests in Brazil. Ten nadir-viewing Hyperion images collected over a fixed site and period of the year (July to August) were selected for analysis. We evaluated variations in reflectance and in 16 narrowband vegetation indices (VIs) with increasing solar zenith angle (SZA) from the pre-drift (2004–2008) to the EO-1 drift period (2011–2016). To detect changes in reflectance and shadows, we applied spectral mixture analysis (SMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) and calculated the similarity spectral angle (θ) between the vegetation spectra measured with variable SZA. The magnitude of the illumination effects was also evaluated from change-point analysis and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests applied over the time series. Finally, we complemented our experiment using the PROSAIL model to simulate the VIs variation with increasing SZA resultant from satellite drift. The results showed significant changes in Hyperion reflectance and VIs, especially when the EO-1 crossed the study area at earlier times and larger SZA in 2015 (9:05 a.m.; SZA = 59°) and 2016 (8:30 a.m.; SZA = 67°). Compared to the pre-drift period (10:30 a.m.; SZA = 45°), the SZA differences of 14° (2015) and 22° (2016) increased the shade fractions and decreased the vegetation brightness. PCA separated the pre-drift and drift reflectance datasets, showing shifts in scores due to changes in brightness. θ increased with SZA, indicating changes in the shape of the vegetation spectra with drift. For most VIs, the change-point analysis indicated 2015 (SZA = 59°) as the predominant year of detected changes. Compared to the EO-1 original orbit, the Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) and Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) presented the largest positive changes during drift, while the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) had the largest negative changes. The effect size of the illumination geometry on these VIs was large, as indicated by increasing values of the Cohen’s r metric toward 2016. The anisotropy of the Hyperion VIs was generally consistent with that from PROSAIL in the simulated pre-drift and drift periods. Focusing on structural indices, it affected the relationships between VIs and simulated leaf area index (LAI) at large SZA.     

Propagation of disturbances in the solar chromosphere and corona (II)

The first part of this article presents an analytic discussion of the linear properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave propagation. Then, with a 2-dimensional, time-dependent, compressible MHD simulation subject to a self-consistent non-isothermal, non-uniform initial state, we study numerically the global propagation process following an initial pressure pulse applied at the base of the chromosphere. Our numerical results indicate that, if the pulse is applied near the pole, there are two modes, one fast, one slow of magnetoacoustic waves; whereas if the pressure pulse is applied near the equator, there is a fast mode and a standing disturbance located near the source. These results may help interpret the wave events observed by SOHO/EIT.     

Flexible Automatic Scheduling for Autonomous Telescopes: The MAJORDOME

We have developped a new method for the scheduling ofastronomical automatic telescopes, in the framework of theautonomous TAROT instrument. The MAJORDOME software canhandle a variety of observations, constrained, periodic,etc., and produces a timeline for the night, which may bemodified at any time to take into account the specificconditions of the night. The MAJORDOME can also handletarget of opportunity observations without delay.     

Hydration shell structures in a LiI solution at elevated temperature and pressure: a molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations of a 0.55 molal aqueous LiI solution have been performed at 508 K and 308 K and a density of 1.05 g/cm³. The structural changes resulting from increased temperature and pressure are discussed.     

The integral equation approach to the study of interplanetary dust

Some considerations about the zodiacal light brightness integral from the stand point of the theory of integral equations are made. It is shown that for observation directions confined to a plane perpendicular to the ecliptic and passing through the Sun, the Z.L. brightness integral can be formally considered as a first kind integral equation of Volterra type (V.I.E.). In a second step, this equation is transformed into a V.I.E. of the second kind, from which, and under certain assumptions, the spatial distribution of dust out of the ecliptic is obtained.