Immiscible fluids (CO2-brines) in optical fluorite,Nordvik-Taimyr,Russia

Fluid inclusion investigations in optical fluorite from the Nordvik salt dome caprock (Khatanga Gulf, Taimyr Peninsula, Russia) show that the fluorite has been formed at a temperature of about 300?°C, from CO₂-brine immiscible hydrothermal fluids. Unmixing occurred at a depth of several kilometres, resulting in the liberation of dense CO₂-rich fluids, which played a significant role in helping the diapir to reach its intrusive character. Compared to other optical fluorite deposits in Russia, the exceptional quality of the Nordvik occurrence is due to a relatively high formation temperature, as well as a high salinity (30–35 wt% NaCl eq.) of hydrothermal aqueous fluids. To cite this article: V.Y. Prokof'ev et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Découverte des roches à affinité ophiolitique dans la chaîne panafricaine au Cameroun : les talcschistes de Ngoung, Lamal Pougue et Bibodi Lamal

Outcrops of talc schists extending over >1 km have been discovered within the garnet- and muscovite-bearing mica schist of the Pan-African belt near Yaoundé (Cameroon). Mineralogical studies show that a metamorphism of the upper greenschist facies was prolonged by hydrothermal reactions. This latter led to the transformation of hornblendites into talc schists. Chemically, talc schists and relicts of hornblendite remind ultrabasic rocks, and REE patterns point to E-MORB and peridotite. It is thus suggested that the talc schists and relicts of hornblendite may correspond to slices of a dismembered Pan-African ophiolite set. To cite this article: C. Nkoumbou et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

A search for the ratio between gravity variation and vertical displacement due to a surface load

A data space approach to magnetotelluric (MT) inversion reduces the size of the system of equations that must be solved from M × M , as required for a model space approach, to only N × N , where M is the number of model parameter and N is the number of data. This reduction makes 3-D MT inversion on a personal computer possible for modest values of M and N . However, the need to store the N × M sensitivity matrix J remains a serious limitation. Here, we consider application of conjugate gradient (CG) methods to solve the system of data space Gauss–Newton equations. With this approach J is not explicitly formed and stored, but instead the product of J with an arbitrary vector is computed by solving one forward problem. As a test of this data space conjugate gradient (DCG) algorithm, we consider the 2-D MT inverse problem. Computational efficiency is assessed and compared to the data space Occam's (DASOCC) inversion by counting the number of forward modelling calls. Experiments with synthetic data show that although DCG requires significantly less memory, it generally requires more forward problem solutions than a scheme such as DASOCC, which is based on a full computation of J .     

Estimates of present-day erosion based on sediment transport in rivers: a case study in Taiwan

We discuss the present-day sediment transport by rivers, and hence the erosion rate in upstream basins, based on the example of Taiwan Rivers where large datasets are available. After data correction, the values of the suspended sediment load in the lower Kaoping River are nearly three times smaller than those from the literature. On the other hand, we add the bed load evaluated from numerical modelling, despite limitations from data and models. Whereas the contribution of the chemical denudation rate in Taiwan is minor, the bed load is significant and must be evaluated. We point out that biases in data collection may favour high values of suspended load data, and that large series of datasets are needed to reduce uncertainties and smooth the time variability effect. To cite this article: F.-C. Li et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Long-range detection of hydroacoustic signals from large icebergs in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Hydroacoustic signals detected in late 2000 by seismic stations in Polynesia are shown to originate from huge icebergs which at the time were drifting in the Ross Sea after calving off the Ross Ice Shelf. The signals present a broad variety of spectral characteristics, most of them featuring prominent eigenfrequencies in the 4-7 Hz range, often complemented by overtones. Most epicenters, obtained by combining observations of distant hydroacoustic and regional seismic records, follow the spatio-temporal evolution of the drift of iceberg B-15B. Most of the signals are generated during a 36-day time window when it is speculated that B-15B collided with smaller icebergs or was scraping the ocean floor on the shallow continental shelf. We speculate on the possible physical nature of the resonator generating the signals, which could correspond to an elastic mode of the iceberg, or to the oscillation of fluid-filled cracks in the ice.     

The Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure Within A Cold Air Outbreak: Comparison Of In Situ, Lidar And Satellite Measurements With Three-Dimensional Simulations

A cold-air outbreak over the Mediterranean, associated with a Tramontane event, has been simulated with the atmospheric non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH using a horizontal resolution of 2 km. Results are compared with in situ aircraft, airborne lidar and satellite measurements. On average, the mean and turbulent parameters simulated in the surface layer and mixed layer compared well with in situ measurements. The model was able to reproduce accurately the Foehn effect in the wake of Cape Creus, as well as the occurence of rolls in the coastal region in connection with cloud streets observed with AVHRR. Over the sea, the threshold value of turbulent kinetic energy defining the height of the atmospheric boundary-layer top in the model (defined as 25% of the maximum turbulent kinetic energy in the profile) enables the simulated atmospheric boundary-layer height to match the one retrieved from lidar measurements. Nevertheless, the model did not handle very well the abrupt gradients of all meteorological parameters observed at the top of the atmospheric boundary-layer. Reasons for this are investigated.     

Review on Morphological Insights of Self-Potential Anomalies on Volcanoes

Energy and thermal transfers in active volcanoes can play an important role incontrolling their dynamics depending on the hydrothermal state. Much geothermalenergy is released through the groundwater circulation, hot gas emission and thermalconduction. Therefore, it is very important to know the hydrological and thermalenvironments associated with volcanoes from the volcano-energetic point of view.However, it is difficult to evaluate these because of the availability of only a fewborehole data on the summit of volcanoes. Recent studies reveal that self-potential(SP) anomalies (up to some hundreds of mV) are observed on volcanoes, activefissure zones and/or fumarolic areas, suggesting that the SP anomalies are closelyrelated to heat-triggered phenomena such as thermoelectric and electrokinetic effectsdue to hydrothermal circulations. Therefore, SP studies can be appropriate for sensingthe thermal and hydrothermal states of volcanoes. In addition, monitoring SP anomaliescan be an efficient method for describing the change of thermal state and the evolutionof the hydrothermal (and volcanic) activities.In this paper, we have reviewed the origin of the SP anomalies associated withvolcanic phenomena theoretically as well as experimentally. Subsequently, wehave presented the results of many case studies and have classified the types ofanomalies in accordance with possible mechanisms. We have also described theresults of time variations of SP anomalies associated with volcanic activities. Timevarying SP fields exhibit the dynamic aspects of volcanic activities correspondingto the evolution of hydrothermal activity, changes in ground water circulation andmagma displacement. These morphological insights should lead to a quantitativeinterpretation of SP anomalies in volcanic regions.