Sismique marine haute résolution 3D : un nouvel outil de reconnaissance à destination de la communauté scientifique

This note presents the first results of the development of 3D high-resolution marine seismic method designed for scientific application. A particular attention was paid to the realisation of an operational system to be in agreement with the expected goals in term of acquisition and processing. To cite this article: Y. Thomas et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

The Liuchiu Hsu island offshore SW Taiwan: tectonic versus diapiric anticline development and comparisons with onshore structures

A structural and microtectonic analysis performed in the Liuchiu Hsu island demonstrates that its Plio-Pleistocene tectonic evolution was dominated by alternating NW–SE shortening and local radial extension caused by mud diapirism. Previous models based on seismic data considering both the formation of the Liuchiu Hsu island and the fold development in SW Taiwan as mainly driven by mud diapirism, fail to account for both the asymmetry of the west vergent thrust-related anticlines onshore and the elongated character of the ridges formed by diapir alignments offshore, which rather argue in favour of a tectonic origin. To cite this article: O. Lacombe et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

A Large-Scale Palaeozoic Dextral Ductile Strike-Slip Zone:the Aqqikkudug-Weiya Zone along the Northern Margin of the Central Tianshan Belt,Xinjiang,NW China

The nearly E-W-trending Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone, more than 1000 km long and about 30 km wide, is an important segment in the Central Asian tectonic framework. It is distributed along the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt in Xinjiang, NW China and is composed of mylonitized Early Palaeozoic greywacke, volcanic rocks, ophiolitic blocks as a mélange complex, HP/LT-type bleuschist blocks and mylonitized Neoproterozoic schist, gneiss and orthogneiss. Nearly vertical mylonitic foliation and sub-horizontal stretching lineation define its strike-slip feature; various kinematic indicators, such as asymmetric folds, non-coaxial asymmetric macro- to micro-structures and C-axis fabrics of quartz grains of mylonites, suggest that it is a dextral strike-slip ductile shear zone oriented in a nearly E-W direction characterized by "flower" strusture with thrusting or extruding across the zone toward the two sides and upright folds with gently plunging hinges. The Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone experienced at least two stages of ductile shear tectonic evolution: Early Palaeozoic north vergent thrusting ductile shear and Late Carboniferous-Early Permian strike-slip deformation. The strike-slip ductile shear likely took place during Late Palaeozoic time, dated at 269(5 Ma by the40Ar/39Ar analysis on neo-muscovites. The strike-slip deformation was followed by the Hercynian violent S-type granitic magmatism. Geodynamical analysis suggests that the large-scale dextral strike-slip ductile shearing is likely the result of intracontinental adjustment deformation after the collision of the Siberian continental plate towards the northern margin of the Tarim continental plate during the Late Carboniferous. The Himalayan tectonism locally deformed the zone, marked by final uplift, brittle layer-slip and step-type thrust faults, transcurrent faults and E-W-elongated Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins.     

Geochemistry of an oceanite-ankaramite-basalt suite from East Island,Crozet Archipelago

The petrology and geochemistry of East Island have been investigated for the first time. The island is a deeply dissected remnant of a Pleistocene shield volcano, one of several emerging from an oceanic rise forming part of the southwest branch of the Indian Ocean ridge system. The lavas form a flat-lying sequence of oceanites, ankaramites, olivine basalts and feldsparphyric basalts, the ankaramites containing 1 cm phenocrysts of diopsidic clinopyroxene. X-Ray fluorescence analyses were made of 43 lavas for the major elements plus Cr, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, and Th and the minerals were analysed by electron microprobe. The elements Mg, Cr, and Ni are strongly concentrated in spinel, olivine and clinopyroxene phases and in the ankaramites and oceanite lavas with maximum concentrations of 18% MgO, 1,000 ppm Cr, 380 ppm Ni, while Al, Ti, K, Rb, Ba, Th, Na, P, Sr concentrate in the groundmass and in the feldspathic and aphyric basalts. The elements Si, Ca, Fe and Mn remain virtually constant throughout the series.Correlations of +0.95 or better exist between the concentrations of elements within the two groups given above, and negative correlations between elements in different groups. The fractionation trends are unique with respect to the constant Al/Ti ratio and K/Sr ratio, but all trends may be reproduced by calculating the effect of subtraction of suitable amounts of chromite, olivine and low Ti clinopyroxene from an alkaline olivine basalt parent. Either fractionation has taken place involving these three phases under low pressure conditions or it is the result of different degrees of partial melting of mantle material.A complex magnesian chrome spinel is found in the ankaramites and is often jacketed by a chromian titanomagnetite. A complete series of intermediate compositions appears to exist between the two end members.     

Le facies granulite en norvege meridionale: I. Les associations minéralogiques

The basement of Southern Norway is a genetically homogeneous migmatite complex in which old supracrustals produced granitic and granodioritic ‘neosome’ during a late Precambrian (10⁹ years ago) regional metamorphism. Observed isograds of critical minerals: muscovite, cordierite, orthopyroxene indicate that the Telemark amphibolite facies in the North passes into the coastal Bamble granulite facies in the South. The data of expeimental petrology suggest that the transition, which took place at temperatures of 700–800°C, is essentially due to a decrease of the partial water pressure. P_H2O was equal to total pressure P_s in the amphibolite facies and lower than 2 kb in the granulite facies.     

Evolution géochimique par dégradation et agradation des minéraux argileux dans l'hydrosphère

Résumé Les dégradations des minéraux argileux sont fréquentes dans les altérations. Elles comportent une évolution des réseaux cristallins depuis les micas et chlorites jusqu'aux minéraux ouverts comme les vermiculites et les montmorillonites par l'intermédiaire d'édifices interstratifiés. Les agradations constituent le mécanisme réciproque et sont fréquentes dans la sédimentation et la diagenèse. Elles régénèrent par cicatrisation, construction et croissance, les phyllites caractéristiques du prémétamorphisme: illite et chlorite. Ces transformations minérales dépendant des milieux naturels sont un chapitre important de la Géochimie des silicates de l'Hydrosphère.

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The clay mineral degradations are frequent during weathering. They involve an evolution of the crystal lattices, from the micas and the chlorites to the open-minerals, through the mixed-layers. The aggradations constitute the reciprocal mechanism and they are frequent during sedimentation and diagenesis. Through cicatrization, construction and growth, they regenerate the phyllites typical of premetamorphism: illite and chlorite. These mineral transformations, subject to the natural environments, are an important chapter of the Geochemistry of Hydrosphere silicates.

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Zusammenfassung Während der Verwitterungen kommt oft ein Abbau der Tonminerale vor, der sich durch die Entwicklung des Gitters von Glimmer und Chlorit, über ein Zwischenstadium von Wechsellagertonen, zu offenen Mineralen wie Vermiculit und Montmorillonit kennzeichnet. Der entgegengesetzte Vorgang spielt sich in dem, in Ablagerung und Diagenese häufigen Aufbau ab. So werden die charakteristischen Phyllosilikate der Vormetamorphose: Illit und Chlorit, durch Vernarbung, Aufbau und Anwachsen der Gitter wieder hergestellt. Diese Veränderungen, die von den Bedingungen der natürlichen Milieus abhängen, stellen ein wichtiges Kapitel der Geochemie der Hydrosphärensilikate dar.

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Late holocene level fluctuations of the Lake Ilay in Jura,France: sediment and mollusc evidence and climatic implications

The level fluctuations of Lake Ilay, Jura (France) during the last three millennia are reconstructed from sedimentological and malacological analyses of a core that is well-dated by tree-ring, radiocarbon and pollen datings. Changes in sediment facies, in carbonate concretion assemblages and in mollusc assemblages highlight a major lowering phase atc. 1550 BP and minor lowering phases atc. 2800 BP and shortly before AD 1394. Rises in lake level developed during the early Subatlantic and betweenc. 1500 and 1000 BP. These data are in good agreement with other proxy data from higher European and American latitudes. These correlations support the climatic origin of the level fluctuations of the Lake Ilay during the late Holocene. They suggest that the mediaeval climatic optimum is centred rather in the early than the late Middle Age.     

Periglacial geoarchaeology at the Dog Creek site,Northern Yukon

The Dog Creek archaeological site (NcVi‐3), located in the northern Yukon, provides evidence of complex site transformational processes related to microclimatic conditions occurring since the mid‐Holocene. Geoarchaeological research at Dog Creek sought to interpret site formation processes in order to understand the relationship between surficial artifacts, buried artifacts, and stratified sediments. It also attempted to reconstruct the periglacial processes that were active in transforming the site and their relationships to microclimatic conditions. Sedimentology and fabric analysis show that artifacts were buried by solifluction and disturbed by frost heave and cryoturbation. Radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis demonstrated that solifluction took place approximately 5200–2000 years ago when a spruce forest existed at the site. This evidence suggests an onset of cooling conditions that continues to the present. After the mid‐Holocene, the spruce treeline began to move south toward its present position. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

白日视宁度监测仪和在抚仙湖的初步观测结果

报导了用南方基地云南天文台太阳差分像运动视宁度监测仪和美国国立太阳天文台的太阳闪烁仪 ,在云南省澄江县抚仙湖老鹰地红外太阳塔选址点进行的对比观测 ,简要地介绍了这两种视宁度测量方法的原理 ,对观测的初步结果进行了分析。