A comprehensive model inter-comparison study investigating the water budget during the BALTEX-PIDCAP period

Summary A comparison of 8 regional atmospheric model systems was carried out for a three-month late summer/early autumn period in 1995 over the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. All models were configured on a common grid using similar surface and lateral boundary conditions, and ran in either data assimilation mode (short term forecasts plus data assimilation), forecast mode (short term forecasts initialised daily with analyses) or climate mode (no re-initialisation of model interior during entire simulation period). Model results presented in this paper were generally post processed as daily averaged quantities, separate for land and sea areas when relevant. Post processed output was compared against available analyses or observations of cloud cover, precipitation, vertically integrated atmospheric specific humidity, runoff, surface radiation and near surface synoptic observations. The definition of a common grid and lateral forcing resulted in a high degree of agreement among the participating model results for most cases. Models operated in climate mode generally displayed slightly larger deviations from the observations than the data assimilation or forecast mode integration, but in all cases synoptic events were well captured. Correspondence to near surface synoptic quantities was good. Significant disagreement between model results was shown in particular for cloud cover and the radiative properties, average precipitation and runoff. Problems with choosing appropriate initial soil moisture conditions from a common initial soil moisture field resulted in a wide range of evaporation and sensible heat flux values during the first few weeks of the simulations, but better agreement was shown at later times. Received September 8, 2000 Revised April 3, 2001     

自适应换站算法及其在长距离机载GPS动态相对定位中的应用

提出采用＂自适应换站＂法来解决单基线处理模式难以满足长距离动态定位的问题。该方法的主要思想是：整个解算过程始终保持单基线的动态定位模式,当发现流动站与原参考站间的距离大于流动站与其他参考站间的距离时,自动更换周围最近的参考站作为新参考站;对换站前后的数据设置一定时间的重叠段,利用等价消参法将换站前后的数据进行严格的自适应融合,以保持整个解算过程的连续性。通过对实测机载数据的解算,证明该方法不仅可以克服因载体飞行距离过远而导致的定位精度下降,而且能够避免因换站所引起的前后解的不连续,计算结果表明该方法的定位精度约为2 cm。     

湘西南高涧群的地球化学特征及其意义

湘西南高涧群主要是一套浅变质沉积碎屑岩系,由变质泥岩、板岩和变质粉砂岩组成,原岩颗粒小。变质作用对岩石化学成分没有大的改变,岩石具有相近的风化蚀变指数（平均CIA＝75）风化蚀变矿物主要为伊利石－白云母－蒙脱石组合。主要化学成分反映沉积物来源于中性和基性火成岩区。浅变质沉积岩中大多数微量元素亏损,元素Cu,Zn,Co,Ti,Cr等在研究区的南部和北部具有相似的共生组合。并且稀土元素的分布模式基本相同,稀土的总量与岩性有关。上述特点显示了高涧群沉积物来源相同,亲石元素共生组合相似;Au,Ag,As,Sb,Sr,Ba等存在一定的分异,Ba/Co比值,Sr/Ba比值和δCe值表明,它是主要在浅深海－深海相还原环境下的产物。     

Detailed S-wave structure in the Dublin Basin and its northern margin

Summary. The seismic structure has been measured to a depth of about 3 km along a 30 km seismic profile in east central Ireland. This profile is unusual in that it is the S -wave velocity—depth structure that has been measured to a degree of precision more normally associated with P -wave results. One reason for this is that the sources used were quarry blasts which generated strong S -waves and short-period surface waves but rather weak P -waves.
The results show a layer of Carboniferous limestone with shear velocity 2.65 km⁻¹ s overlying a layer with a velocity of 3.06 km s⁻¹. This second layer was interpreted as Lower Palaeozoic strata (Silurian/Ordovician) since this velocity was evident in an inlier seen at the surface at the northern end of the line. A third refraction horizon, shear velocity 3.45 km s⁻¹ and displaying a basinal structure, was also recognized. This may be Cambrian or Precambrian basement.     

Resilient characterization of pavement materials

The paper presents an approach for characterizing pavement materials using the modified linear elastic behaviour. The secant modulus of elasticity is expressed in terms of the stress invariants and an expression for the secant Poisson's ratio is derived using path independence of the total work along a closed loading cycle. Triaxial test results of granular base–subbase materials which exhibit strong non-linear behaviour and dilatancy are analysed and presented. The constitutive law is included in a finite element program and results of pavement analyses are discussed. It is found that the secant Poisson's ratio of granular base materials reaches values between 0·6 and 0·7, indicating a volume increase under high stress ratios. The pavement response predicted using the above material characterization is compatible with non-destructive test results.     

Alonso's Theory of Movements: Developments in Spatial Interaction Modeling

 The Spatial Interaction Model proposed by Alonso as “Theory of Movements” offers an innovative specification of spatial origin-destination flow models. Equations for flows between regions, total outflow from and total inflow to a region are linked by balancing factors. This paper presents a consistent formulation of Spatial Interaction Models in the Wilson tradition and Alonso's Theory of Movements. The paper is intended as an introduction to the model and a review of␣the state of the art. Besides it is argued that simultaneous equation techniques are required to estimate the so-called systemic parameters. Received: 21 May 2000 / Accepted: 18 January 2001     

郴州市玛瑙山铁锰多金属矿床地质特征

玛瑙山铁锰多金属矿床产于棋梓桥组底部层位中，矿体呈似层状。除铁、锰、铅外，伴生有银、铟。由泥盆纪沉积期成岩成矿作用和燕山期岩浆热液叠加成矿作用所形成的沉积改造—岩浆热液叠加型铁锰多金属矿床。     

Biomass-Cover Relationship for Eelgrass Meadows

Eelgrass meadows play key roles in coastal ecosystems, and the extent of the standing biomass is focal to address ecosystem functioning. Eelgrass cover is commonly assessed in marine monitoring programs while biomass sampling is destructive and expensive. Therefore, we have proposed a functional relationship that translates eelgrass cover into aboveground biomass using site-specific information on Secchi depth or light attenuation. The relationship was estimated by non-linear regression on 791 combined observations of eelgrass cover and biomass from eight different coastal sites in Denmark. Eelgrass biomass initially increased with cover and flattened out as cover exceeded 40–50 % due to increased self-shading. Decreasing light energy with depth reduced the eelgrass biomass potential (assessed at 100 % cover), and this reduction was stronger for coastal sites with lower water transparency. Moreover, the biomass potential varied seasonally from around 110–140 g DW m^?2 in spring months to a peak of 241 g DW m^?2 in August, consistent with other seasonal studies. The model explained 56 % of the variation in log-transformed biomasses, but significant variation between coastal sites still remained, deviating between ?23 and 39 % from the mean relationship. These site-specific deviations could be due to differences in losses related to grazing, drifting algae and epiphytes, better light capture by dense canopies, as well as differences in how well light conditions within eelgrass meadows are represented by actual measurements of Secchi depth and light attenuation. The relationship can be employed to estimate eelgrass biomass of entire coastal ecosystems from observations of eelgrass cover and depth.