2019年陕西汛期暴雨预报检验评估

基于陕西省气象台(下简称省台)主观订正预报产品、ECMWF细网格预报产品和模式动态交叉取优要素预报方法(DCOEF)预报产品,对2019年4-10月陕西省暴雨天气过程进行检验评估。结果表明,省台主观订正预报产品对晴雨、小雨、暴雨、一般性降水、暴雨以上降水均有较好的预报效果,ECMWF细网格预报对中雨、大雨预报较好,评分较高;三种产品对区域性暴雨的预报能力均强于对局地性暴雨的预报能力,省台主观订正预报产品和DCOEF预报产品评分优于ECMWF细网格预报产品。     

新一代双偏振天气雷达(CINRAD/SAD)精细化探测技术

新一代双偏振天气雷达在暴雨、台风等灾害性天气监测和预警中发挥了重要的作用。随着气象现代化发展以及预报时效性、精细化度的要求不断提高,S波段新一代双偏振天气雷达已不能充分满足发展过程迅速的中小尺度天气系统的研究、预警。气象雷达的时空分辨率对探测强对流过程中小尺度结构有重要作用,提高天气雷达时空分辨率是精细化探测技术的关键,本文着重从新一代天气雷达的时空分辨率、体扫方式等方面,通过对天气雷达脉冲重复频率、信号处理方法及扫描方式等进行改进,提高新一代双偏振天气雷达对中小尺度气旋和龙卷风等灾害性天气的探测能力,以获取快速变化的天气过程精细化特征,获得更新更快、分辨率更高的观测资料。     

哈尔滨春季一次罕见重度霾天气成因分析

利用气象、环境、卫星遥感火点监测等资料，从环流形势、气象要素、污染物和污染传输特征等方面对哈尔滨2018年4月4日夜间至5日白天罕见重度霾天气成因进行分析。结果表明，此次重度霾天气首要污染物为PM2.5，污染最重时PM2.5浓度高达507μg?m-3，秸秆焚烧是污染物的主要来源，既有本地源又有外地源，利用HYSPLIT模型模拟出这次重度霾天气污染传输特征。重度霾时段，近地面风速小，为1.5m·s-1左右，最小为0.1m·s-1，风向呈弱气旋性辐合、湿度增大有利于形成霾。低层存在较强的贴地逆温，逆温层顶高度约为100m,逆温强度约为1.5℃/100m，不利于污染物在垂直方向上扩散。地面均压场和高空弱高压脊、暖锋锋区和暖平流为这次重度霾天气提供了有利的大气环流背景条件。     

TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D)trajectory method for three cases of duststorms inthe terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17—20April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.Thedust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker andthe dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity isconsidered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particlesand the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric sur-faces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The dif-ference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.     

盘星藻烷烃生物标志物特征及其热演化试验的初步研究

本文以盘星藻作为典型样品，研究淡水水生单细胞藻类的烷烃生物标志特征及其热解生烃特征。实验结果表明，盘星藻生烃主要分成四大类：正烷烃、稀烃、无环类异戊二烯和二环萜类。ｎＣ１７在正烷烃组分中占５１．６％。检出一组Ｃ２０的二环萜类同分异构体，其含量相当于正浣烃含量的９７．１％。盘星藻热解生烃也以低碳数烃类为主，与高等植物来源的烃类相区别；甾烷Ｃ２９／（Ｃ２７＋Ｃ２８＋Ｃ２９）值为０．５左右，与海洋浮游生     

河北坝上地区脆弱生态环境特征

坝上地区为典型的脆弱生态环境地带，这种地带易发生环境退化，但也存在着逆转的可能性。由于全球气候变化和人类活动的影响，近几十年来生态环境严重退化。土地风蚀沙化调查研究表明，影响风蚀沙化的因素很多，尤其是外部环境因素相互关系更为复杂，如大风和尘暴日、风速、降水、植被生长状况、土地封冻与融冻、土地耕翻等。但重要因素仍是风日、风速和地表物质。由于气候干旱，降水少等原因，本区最大的湖淖──安固里淖，在不断萎缩，该湖历史上比现在大十几倍，并且萎缩一直是自东向西进行，可能与新构造运动有关。坝上地区生态环境的退化是可以逆转的，近几年，一系列生态建设工程的实施，已初步收到了较好的效果。     

波速异常的区域特征

有关波速比异常预报地震的震例已有不少论述,然而就一个地区的波速异常区域特征则很少讨论。为进一步监视地震活动,做好地震预报工作,我们以甘肃及邻近地区近十年来发生的一些中强地震为例,研究了它们的时空特性,並同其它一些地区的研究结果进行比较,     

西藏林周县勒青拉铅锌矿床矿田构造特征

通过1：5000矿区地质填图、5500m^3的山地工程揭露和物化探工作,基本查明了勒青拉铅锌矿床的控矿构造。经研究认为,勒青拉铅锌矿床不同于日本火山岩型黑矿,也不同于在冈底斯成矿带上形成于下二叠世与拉张背景弧火山岩有关的铜、铅、锌金属矿床。它与火山活动没有关系,而与燕山期花岗闪长岩的侵入有关。野外地质和物化探工作表明,矿化受东西向断层控制,铅锌矿体一般分布于东西向断裂的下盘,严格受近东西向断裂控制。     

Variation of phytoplankton biomass and primary production in Daya Bay during spring and summer

Environmental factors, phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) and primary production of two water areas in Daya Bay (Dapeng'ao Bay and Aotou Bay) were investigated during the transition period from spring to summer. Chl a ranged from 3.20 to 13.62 and 13.43 to 26.49 mg m(-3) in Dapeng'ao Bay and Aotou Bay respectively, if data obtained during red tides are excluded. Primary production varied between 239.7 and 1001.4 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) in Dapeng'ao Bay. The regional distribution of Chl a and primary production were mostly consistent from spring to summer in both bays. Seasonal transition characters have been found in Daya Bay from spring to summer, including high values of DO, nitrate and silicate. Size structures of phytoplankton and its primary production do not change very much from spring to summer, with micro-phytoplankton dominating and contributing about 50% of the whole. In Daya Bay, phytoplankton is limited by nitrogen in spring, and by phosphate in summer. Artificial impacts are evident from high temperature effluent from nuclear power stations, aquaculture and sewage. During the investigation, a red tide occurred in Aotou Bay, with a maximum Chl a of 103.23 mgm(-3) at surface and primary production of 2721.9 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) in the red tide center. Raised water temperature and nutrient supply from land-sources help to stimulate annual red tides.