Prediction of Floor Water Inrush: The Application of GIS-Based AHP Vulnerable Index Method to Donghuantuo Coal Mine,China

Floor water inrush represents a geohazard that can pose significant threat to safe operations for instance in coal mines in China and elsewhere. Its occurrence is controlled by many factors, and the processes are often not amenable to mathematical expressions. To evaluate the water inrush risk, the paper proposes the vulnerability index approach by coupling the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS). The detailed procedures of using this innovative approach are shown in a case study in China (Donghuantuo Coal Mine). The powerful spatial data analysis functions of GIS was used to establish the thematic layer of each of the six factors that control the water inrush, and the contribution weights of each factor was determined with the AHP method. The established AHP evaluation model was used to determine the threshold value for each risk level with a histogram of the water inrush vulnerability index. As a result, the mine area was divided into five regions with different vulnerability levels which served as general guidelines for the mine operations. The prediction results were further corroborated with the actual mining data, and the evaluation result is satisfactory.     

东昆仑克孜勒萨依地区地球化学特征及找矿方向探讨

克孜勒萨依工作区位于昆仑-柴达木成矿带西段的祁曼塔格岩浆弧,成矿条件有利,是大调查工作以来新发现的重要成矿带之一.已发现特大型钨锡矿床,区域物化探异常密集分布,具有较好的找矿前景,本文根据该地区1:1万岩屑地球化学特征,提出了找矿方向.     

海原-六盘山断裂带现今地震危险性的数值模拟分析

基于正交各向异性理论表征断层的变形行为,将平行断层面的剪切模量和周围介质剪切模量的比值作为反演参数,以海原-六盘山断裂附近现今GPS观测地壳水平运动速度场作为约束,通过构建三维有限元模型,采用遗传算法,反演了海原-六盘山断裂平行断层面的剪切模量分布.结果显示:六盘山断裂中南段平行断层面剪切模量与周围介质接近,且沿断层面...     

Holocene environmental evolution recorded by core sediments of Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain,Shandong Province

Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain is located in the monsoon area of northern China,which is sensitive to global climate change and provides abundant lake sedimentary data for the study of the past climate and environment evolution in the land-sea interaction area. Based on the sporopollen identification,grain size analysis and AMS¹⁴C dating of core sediments from the drilling hole of the Judian Lake,the evolutional process of climate and environment since 8900 cal a BP in the northern Lubei Plain was discussed. The results show that: 8900-7625cal a BP,the temperature and precipitation increased and the climate changed from cold-dry to warm-wet;7625—6810 cal a BP,the overall climate was becoming cooler and drier;6810—4435cal a BP,the temperature rose and the precipitation increased,showing an overall warm and humid climate in the middle Holocene;4435—3150cal a BP,the climate was generally cold and humid with some low-amplitude fluctuations of cold and warm. During the middle Holocene,there were two obvious cold and dry events in 5450—5280cal a BP and 4160—4090cal a BP,which was consistent with the geological and climatic records in China and even in the world. It may be due to the southward movement of the equatorial convergence zone caused by the change of solar radiation,the change of ocean surface temperature and the feedback of surface vegetation.     

雪宝顶区块流域钙华形成的生物作用研究

钙华不仅具有重要的景观旅游价值,而且对确定区内碳酸盐沉积特征、环境演化规律及同期环境生物的作用与贡献有重要的研究意义。本文在对比国内外典型钙华特征的基础上,以黄龙和九寨沟为例,对雪宝顶区块流域内钙华的沉积特征、环境化学与生物作用进行阐述,指出了雪宝顶区块流域冷水型钙华的形成与演化是化学沉积-溶解作用、生物沉积与溶蚀作用等共同作用的结果,并受非生物、生物因素影响。在雪宝顶冷水型钙华的形成过程中,微生物协同参与了钙华的沉积与溶蚀过程,通过自身新陈代谢促活动促使使钙离子结晶,并诱导晶型变化;其他生物体如植物、藻类等或以间接的方式促进或加快了钙华形成,或为钙华生长提供模板和体量。     

人类从哪里来？——（5）北京直立人真的是东亚人的直系祖先吗？

简要介绍了北京周口店北京直立人发现的过程、已发现的化石材料、现存的化石材料及首批复制的头盖骨模型。描述了北京直立人的主要形态特征,讨论了直立人与现代人在形态特征上的差异,认为包括北京直立人在内的东亚地区直立人是一个灭绝的支系,没有留下后代,不是现代东亚人或中国人的直系祖先。大约在2.0 Ma前,直立人起源于非洲的匠人或能人,而后走出非洲扩散到欧洲和亚洲。非洲的直立人约在90万a前演化为先驱人,约在60万a前演化为海德堡人,约在30万a前演化为尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人和包括现代人在内的智人。推测从非洲向欧洲扩散的海德堡人后来有可能演化为尼安德特人,而向亚洲扩散的海德堡人后来可能演化为丹尼索瓦人和智人。讨论了北京直立人的分类位置和名称有效性问题,认为亚种不可能单独存在,必须有2个或2个以上的亚种才有效。当前需进一步深化研究北京直立人,探讨周口店的直立人与爪哇岛的直立人究竟有无差别。如果二者没有差别,那么周口店发现的直立人北京亚种（Homo erectus pekinensis）就不是有效名称,应直接归于直立人（Homo erectus）,称为“发现于北京的直立人”（Homo erectusunearthed from Beijing）。如果二者差异明显,有2种处理方法：一是直接提升为种,称为“北京人”（Homo pekinensis）;二是保持现状,仍然称为“直立人北京亚种”（Homo erectus pekinensis）,但印尼爪哇岛发现的直立人学名需作变动,应称为“直立人直立人亚种”（Homo erectus erectus）。     

建南地区东岳庙段页岩气储层“四性”特征

建南地区侏罗系下统自流井组东岳庙段泥页岩发育,邻井多口井在该段普遍见良好的油气显示。页岩气储层为自生自储型油气藏,属于泥岩性质储层,具有低孔隙、超低渗透率的特点,文章通过对建南构造自流井组东岳庙段页岩气储层岩性、物性、电性、含气性特征及储层“四性”关系的研究,结合岩心、气测录井、试气等资料统计分析出页岩气储层的物性和电性下限值,进一步建立有效厚度解释图版,定量得出页岩气层的解释下限标准,为页岩气的评价解释提供了参考。     

典型隔水边界非稳定流承压含水层抽水试验研究

隔水边界附近的承压含水层,即半无限区域的承压含水层参数的准确求取对于特定地段的地下水资源量计算具有重要意义。以高密市柴沟镇小于家庄抽水试验为例,详细阐述了隔水边界附近的承压含水层参数求取过程,并对结果进行较为详尽的讨论。     

流滑型崩岸河岸侧蚀模式初探

流滑型崩岸是冲积河流河岸常见的一种崩塌形式,其发展速度快、破坏力强;该类崩岸主要取决于水流的直接冲刷,河岸崩退过程中水面与岸顶高差较小.依据此类崩岸的特征,基于水流冲刷分析,在基础层面上初步探讨并建立了流滑型崩岸的河岸侧蚀模式.结合水槽试验与土工离心模拟试验,对该模式进行了分析研究,初步率定了模式中的河岸侧蚀系数,计算...     

覆盖型岩溶塌陷的空间预测与评价

针对危害性最大的覆盖型岩溶,建立考虑土盖层厚度和岩土体类型的典型岩溶地质结构模型,分析其在地下水位升降及地表水入渗情况下的塌陷机制。结合具体岩溶工程问题,提出“物理探测－工程勘察－岩、土物理力学试验－数值模拟－监测评价”的岩溶塌陷空间预测方法,并将该方法应用于湖北省黄石市一处典型覆盖型岩溶灾害区。在物理勘探、工程勘察和岩土物理力学试验的基础上进行的岩溶塌陷数值模拟表明,相对于地下水位快速升降,因地表水入渗导致黏土盖层软化引起的地面沉降更大。依据数值模拟结果,结合研究区地面及房屋裂缝的发展情况,划分出塌陷危险区的具体空间范围。实践证明,该岩溶塌陷空间预测方法具有较强的可操作性和较高的可靠性,可作为类似工程问题的研究方法予以推广