Storage and density of soil organic carbon in urban topsoil of hilly cities: A case study of Chongqing Municipality of China

Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of natural soil to urban soil,and consequently,the storage and density of the soil carbon pools change.Taking Chongqing Municipality of China as a study case,this investigation attempts to better understand soil carbon pools in hilly cities.First,the vegetated areas in the study area were derived from QuickBird images.Then,topsoil data from 220 soil samples(0-20 cm) in the vegetated areas were collected and their soil organic carbon(SOC) densities were analyzed.Using the Kriging interpolation method,the spatial pattern of SOC was estimated.The results show that the SOC density exhibited high spatial variability in the urban topsoil of Chongqing.First,the SOC density in topsoil decreased according to slope in the order 2°-6° < 25°-90° < 0°-2° < 6°-15° < 15°-25°.Second,the newly developed areas during 2001-2010 had a lower SOC density than the areas built before 1988.Third,urban parks and gardens had a higher SOC density in topsoil,residential green land followed,and scattered street green land ranked last.For hilly cities,the variability of terrain affects the distribution of SOC.The Kriging results indicate that Kriging method combining slope with SOC density produced a high level of accuracy.The Kriging results show that the SOC density to the north of the Jialing River was higher than the south.The vegetated areas were estimated to amount to 73.5 km2 across the study area with an SOC storage of 0.192 Tg and an average density of 2.61 kg/m2.     

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN SETTLF, MENT IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER DELTA IN NEOLITHIC AGE

Dating data, altitude of Neolithic sites, climatic changes from sedimentary records and previous research results were collected and analyzed to detect possible connections between climatic changes and human activities in the Changjiang River Delta in the Neolithic Age. The results indicated that hydrological changes greatly impacted the human activities in the study region. Low-lying geomorphology made the floods and sea level changes become the important factors affecting human activities, especially the altitude change of human settlements. People usually moved to higher places during the periods characterized by high sea level and frequent floods to escape the negative influences from water body expansion, which resulted in cultural hiatus in certain profiles. However, some higher-altitude settlements were not the results of climatic changes but the results of social factors, such as religious ceremony and social status. Therefore, further research will be necessary for the degree and types of impacts of climatic changes on human activities in the study area at that time.     

济南市平阴氡地热水中氟的来源及赋存机理浅析

通过对3处不同热储类型的地热水水质分析结果的对比分析,试从热储岩性、矿化度、pH值、温度及地下水水化学类型等方面分析各因素对水中F~-溶解的影响机理,认为:热储岩性对地热水水质起决定作用,高热储温度、碱性环境是水中氟离子富集的有利条件;水中Ca~(2+)可与F~-产生不溶于水的沉淀,对水中氟离子的富集起限制作用;水中F~-与H_2SiO_3,Sr的含量一般存在共生关系。水中氟的活性和含量不能看作只与某种盐类或阴、阳离子发生单相关的孤立作用的结果,而要重视在水中各种盐类并存的混合体系中可能出现的元素或物质间的拮抗、协同及交互作用。     

黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用数值模拟

区域尺度土地覆盖变化是自然变化和人类活动共同驱动的结果,同时又对区域气候环境产生反馈。利用欧洲中值数值预报中心（ECMWF） ERA-Interim再分析资料,驱动RegCM4.5区域气候模式,进行了两个时间段（1980-2014、2005-2014）的数值模拟试验。以1：250 000土地利用图为基础,结合植被图、土壤图制作具有高精度、极强现势性的土地覆盖资料,区域模式中陆面过程模式采用BATS,模拟了现实的土地覆盖改变对气候要素的影响,分析了黄土高原地区土地覆盖变化对气候的反馈作用。结果表明：（1） RegCM4.5不但能够较好描述黄土高原气温、降水的时间空间分布特征,也能够模拟土地覆盖变化对黄土高原局地气候变化的反馈。（2）不同土地覆盖变化特征对气候反馈作用不同,荒漠化会引起局部地区气温升高和降水减少,并通过正反馈机制,致使自然植被生长发育受阻;水域旱化会导致夏季气温升高和降水增加,从而加剧干旱洪涝灾害风险;草地覆盖增加会导致春夏季降水量与气温的降低,秋冬季降水量与气温升高。（3）土地覆盖变化对气温与降水的影响在夏季较强。该研究可促进对黄土高原生态治理环境效应的理解,也能深化对土地利用-气候变化之间互馈作用的过程认识,并为区域生态建设对策选择提供参考。     

我国航空客流网络发展及其地域系统研究

“极化”效应是高速交通网络引导客货流演进的空间表象,由此导致空间作用关系的变化和空间结构的演化。轴心—附属式的“轴—辐”空间模式已经成为航空客流网络发展的基本模式。本文以航空客流为分析对象,探讨了我国城市间的相互作用特征,以及高速运输网络发展的社会经济意义。结果表明,我国大陆航空客流的网络体系形成了明显的地域分异现象,产生了以三个一级枢纽为核心的“轴—辐”系统,即北京、广州和上海系统,以及两个相对独立的次级系统——乌鲁木齐和昆明系统;航空客流存在显著的距离衰减规律,绝大部分客流发生的距离在2400km之内;超大城市是航空客流的集聚地,以其为枢纽的航空网络的合理组织具有重大的社会经济意义     

西藏羌塘南部地区的冰海杂砾岩及其成因

青藏高原及邻区广泛分布的漂砾层、杂砾岩、含砾板岩是一种特殊的冰海相沉积岩，称为冰海杂砾岩（Ｉｃｅ－ｓｅａＭｉｘ－ｃｏｎｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｅｓ）。它们和一起产出的冷水型动物群、耐冷植物群视为这一地区冈瓦纳相最典型的标志，代表着冈瓦纳大陆上塔尔切尔（Ｔａｌｃｈｉｒ）冰期所影响的时间和空间。除“标准型”冰海杂砾岩外，羌塘腹地发现了蛇绿质和钙质冰海杂砾岩。这两种冰海杂砾岩的发现，不但丰富了冰海杂砾岩的家族成员，同时也为冰海沉积、物质来源问题、冈瓦纳大陆北界及特提斯演化研究提供了新的信息。经研究，冰海杂砾岩中的砾石来自印度半岛──冈瓦纳大陆本体，以冰筏为载体融冰落石成因。     

基于县域单元的江苏省经济空间格局演化

通过ESDA相关分析,描述了20世纪90年代以来江苏省县域经济格局在空间上的变化状况.在经济总体空间格局上,江苏省县域经济发展水平表现出很强的空间自相关性,相似的地区在空间上集聚分布,热点区的空间结构多表现为以苏州、无锡为核心的罔状空间结构,且不断的向东南方向集聚.经济增长空间格局存空间分布上表现出更多的随机性和结构的不稳定性,热点区域切换频繁,没有明显的地理集中现象.江苏经济空间格局连续性和自组织性越来越强,空间分异格局中的随机成份在不断降低,而由空间自相关引起的结构化分异越来越显著,东北-西南方向经济发展的空间差异较小,而东南-西北方向经济发展空间差异最大.最后,将江苏省经济格局演化的驱动力归结为3个方面:历史发展基础、经济区位和区域发展政策.     

乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知及数理表达

乡村生产空间系统健康有序运行是实施乡村振兴、营建人与自然和谐共生的物质基础和载体,精准控制系统由低级有序向高级有序发展是关键。综合社会学、哲学、系统学和地理学等多学科理论,建构乡村生产空间系统演化的逻辑认知概念模型,对其演化的逻辑起点(人地关系)、逻辑顺序(时间、空间和流三维分析)以及流驱动机理进行质性研究,探寻乡村生产空间系统演化的内在本质;借鉴耗散结构理论和熵变理论,构建乡村生产空间系统演化熵变模型并作出相关释义,为研究人地关系系统演化提供思路,以丰富和拓展乡村地理学的理论。     

地球磁尾中不同类型磁结构的磁螺度演化特征

在二维三分量MHD数值模拟的基础上 ,对地球磁尾不同类型磁结构的形成作磁螺度分析 .研究表明 ,对于由晨昏电场产生的磁尾驱动重联过程 ,通过系统边界输运的磁螺度通量是引起系统总磁螺度变化的直接原因 .不同的初始磁螺度密度分布和磁螺度通量输运 ,可以引起中性片区域磁螺度密度分布的不同演化 ,从而导致具有不同拓扑位形磁结构的形成 .     

Elasticity soltion of rupture model of shallow earthquake

Based on the theory of elastic mechanics, and using the typical rupture model of shallow earthquake, the authors considered the shallow earthquake as a plane mechanical problem, which was constructed the corresponding mechanical model. By the stress components' formulas of the semi-infinite model acted by the finite even shearing force, the main stress is deduced. It is clear that the sector on the right of the center section is squeezed zone, where the maximum principal stress points at the "source of stress", and that on the left is tensile zone, where the minimum principal stress points to the "source of stress".