Geological Controls on the CBM Productivity of No.15 Coal Seam of Carboniferous–Permian Taiyuan Formation in Southern Qinshui Basin and Prediction for CBM High-yield Potential Regions

Coalbed methane (CBM) resources in No.15 coal seam of Taiyuan Formation account for 55% of the total CBM resources in southern Qinshui Basin (SQB), and have a great production potential. This study aims at investigating the CBM production in No.15 coal seam and its influence factors. Based on a series of laboratory experiments and latest exploration and development data from local coal mines and CBM companies, the spatial characteristics of gas production of No.15 coal seam were analyzed and then the influences of seven factors on the gas productivity of this coal seam were discussed, including coal thickness, burial depth, gas content, ratio of critical desorption pressure to original coal reservoir pressure (RCPOP), porosity, permeability, and hydrogeological condition. The influences of hydrological condition on CBM production were analyzed based on the discussions of four aspects: hydrogeochemistry, roof lithology and its distribution, hydrodynamic field of groundwater, and recharge rate of groundwater. Finally, a three-level analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation model was proposed for predicting the CBM potentials of the No.15 coal seam in the SQB. The best prospective target area for CBM production of the No.15 coal seam is predicted to be in the districts of Panzhuang, Chengzhuang and south of Hudi.     

Development Phases and Mechanisms of Tectonic Fractures in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of the Dingshan Area in Southeast Sichuan Basin, China

Shale gas has currently attracted much attention during oil and gas exploration and development. Fractures in shale have an important influence on the enrichment and preservation of shale gas. This work studied the developmental period and formation mechanism of tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Dingshan area of ??southeastern Sichuan Basin based on extensive observations of outcrops and cores, rock acoustic emission (Kaiser) experiments, homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions, apatite fission track, thermal burial history. The research shows that the fracture types of the Longmaxi Formation include tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures and horizontal slip fractures. The main types are tectonic high-angle shear and horizontal slip fractures, with small openings, large spacing, low densities, and high degrees of filling. Six dominant directions of the fractures after correction by plane included NWW, nearly SN, NNW, NEE, nearly EW and NW. The analysis of field fracture stage and fracture system of the borehole suggests that the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation could be paired with two sets of plane X-shaped conjugate shear fractures, i.e., profile X-shaped conjugate shear fractures and extension fractures. The combination of qualitative geological analysis and quantitative experimental testing techniques indicates that the tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation have undergone three periods of tectonic movement, namely mid-late Yanshanian movement (82–71.1 Ma), late Yanshanian and middle Himalaya movements (71.1–22.3 Ma), and the late Himalayan movement (22.3–0 Ma). The middle-late period of the Yanshanian movement and end of the Yanshanian movement-middle period of the Himalayan movement were the main fracture-forming periods. The fractures were mostly filled with minerals, such as calcite and siliceous. The homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions was high, and the paleo-stress value was large; the tectonic movement from the late to present period was mainly a slight transformation and superposition of existing fractures and tectonic systems. Based on the principle of tectonic analysis and theory of geomechanics, we clarified the mechanism of the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation, and established the genetic model of the Longmaxi Formation. The research on the qualitative and quantitative techniques of the fracture-phase study could be effectively used to analyze the causes of the marine shale gas fractures in the Sichuan Basin. The research findings and results provide important references and technical support for further exploration and development of marine shale gas in South China.     

徐家围子断陷深层火石岭组致密火山岩储层地应力分布规律研究

徐家围子断陷位于松辽盆地北部,其深层中生代火石岭组为致密火山岩气藏,天然裂缝发育,地应力分布非均质性强。结合诱导裂缝法与井径崩落法进行单井现今地应力方向分析,利用声波测井法计算现今地应力大小的纵向分布。依据火石岭组构造顶底面图、火山岩相组及断层分布特征建立非均质三维地质模型;在动、静态岩石物理参数拟合校正的基础上,结合实验测试及已有研究成果,确定不同岩相组和断层岩石物理参数,建立三维力学模型;利用Ansys有限元数值模拟软件建立火石岭组三维数学模型并进行相关运算获得三维现今地应力分布模型。计算结果表明在火石岭组地层中,水平最大主应力方向主要为东西向,应力值范围在86~110 MPa;水平最小主应力方向主要为南北向,应力值范围在67~84 MPa。分析模拟结果可知火山岩相、断层和构造起伏三者对火石岭组现今地应力分布影响较大。其中水平主应力的方向主要受断层和近火山口相分布的影响,而水平主应力的大小则是受三者综合作用。在构造低部位,近火山口相组发育处,断层上盘及断层端部皆为主应力的集中区域。依据现今地应力研究成果可为徐家围子断陷下一步开发井网部署、压裂改造方案和水平井的设计以及注水管理提供重要指导。      

新疆西昆仑塔什库尔干高压变质岩的重新厘定及其构造意义

新疆西昆仑塔什库尔干以东解体出一套“斜长角闪片麻岩-矽线石榴黑云斜长片麻岩组合”。岩石地球化学特征表明,斜长角闪片麻岩原岩为基性火山岩,具有岛弧玄武岩的特征,在构造环境判别图中（TiO2/10-MnO-P2O5、Zr-TiO2、Hf/3-Th-Nb/16）,样品均落入岛弧环境;矽线石榴黑云斜长片麻岩原岩为过铝质碎屑岩,构造环境判别图（K2O/Na2O-SiO2、La-Th-Sc、Th-Sc-Zr/10）显示,其形成环境为活动大陆边缘的岛弧环境;LA-ICP-MS锆石同位素年代学表明,斜长角闪片麻岩形成于早寒武世,并经历了志留纪、二叠纪、白垩纪、中新世4期岩浆热事件。该区高压变质岩的重新厘定对于探讨西昆仑的构造演化具有重要意义。     

冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究进展

冰川和积雪是冰冻圈的重要组成部分,在全球或区域气候系统中起着极其重要的作用.开展冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究,是研究冰冻圈物理过程及其对气候系统反馈作用的必然需求,也是研究冰川/积雪对气候变化响应的有效手段,同时还可为全球(区域)气候和水文模式提供冰川/积雪面的地表特征参数.近一个世纪以来,在冰川/积雪面辐射特征、能量通量计算方法和平衡特征等方面开展了许多观测试验和理论研究,并取得了卓有成效的研究结果.但是在准确获取辐射通量、研发普适性较强的反照率参数化方案、复杂地形条件下能量通量的计算,以及发展分布式能量平衡模式等方面尚存在许多不确定性,仍面临许多技术难点,也是未来的研究重点.     

云南恩洪向斜煤层重烃异常成因探讨

恩洪向斜煤层重烃气浓度极端异常,但重烃气来源至今不甚清楚。为此,本文通过对恩洪向斜煤样自然解吸阶段的 密集取样和分析测试,对重烃气成因进行了探讨。结果显示,恩洪煤样自然解吸气组分分馏规律明显,重烃气浓度随解吸 时间延长而显著增高;在自然解吸过程中,甲烷碳同位素组成略有变重,重烃气碳同位素组成没有明显变化,烷烃气碳同 位素始终呈现为正碳同位素系列;自然解吸气组分浓度与碳同位素组成之间具有良好的相关关系,但甲烷与重烃气的相关 趋势截然相反。因此,恩洪向斜煤层气主要起源于煤中有机质的热成因,但不排除部分甲烷具有次生生物成因的可能性。     

北京广东典型地区室内氡气浓度与地质背景关系

为了解不同地质背景条件室内氡浓度水平,采用脉冲电离室测氡仪AlphaGUARD测量了北京广东不同地质背景典型测点的室内氡浓度,同时对广东某一测点进行了长期的室内氡监测.测量和研究结果表明:地表岩性是影响室内氡浓度高低的重要因素之一.地处花岗岩地区的建筑物内氡浓度高于其他岩性地区的室内氡浓度,广东室内氡水平明显高于北京地区,广东北京花岗岩地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为69.98 Bq/m3和43.97 Bq/m3,第四系覆盖地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为43.60 Bq/m3和35.74 Bq/m3.民用住宅卧室内的室内氡浓度略高于公共建筑物办公室内的室内氡浓度.因此,结合地质背景研究室内氡的水平与分布对指导开展室内氡调查中确定抽样方案、选择测点及进行区域尺度室内氡评价有重要的实用价值.     

喷锚支护节理岩体的弹性复合单元模型

利用复合单元技术,建立节理岩体喷锚支护的弹性模型。该模型可先不考虑节理、锚杆、喷层等细部结构,生成常规有限元网格,然后根据节理、锚杆、喷层的相关信息,形成复合单元网格信息。该模型可重点考虑锚杆和喷层在节理面上的局部化非线性变形与相互作用关系。算例研究验证了模型的合理性。该复合单元算法同时包含等效模拟和离散模拟的优点,有着较好的应用前景     

基于功效系数法的泥石流灾害预警研究

泥石流灾害破坏力巨大,预测预报泥石流发生的可能性是防灾减灾的重要手段,也是国内外学者研究的热点。基于功效系数法原理,在综合分析泥石流灾害发生的气象、地质环境影响因素的基础上,选取了山坡坡度、相对高差、植被覆盖率、沿沟松散物储量、5 d累计降雨量、最大小时雨强和当日雨量为评价因子,采用改进后的层次分析法计算评价因子的权重系数,建立了泥石流预测预警模型。以岫岩地区泥石流为例对预警模型进行检验,预测结果较好地反映了实际情况。表明基于功效系数法的泥石流预测预警模型具备较高的可靠性和实用性,研究结果为泥石流预测预警提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

非饱和土的新非线性模型及其应用

为描述非饱和土的应力-应变特性,基于非饱和土三轴剪切试验,提出泊松比变化率（即切线泊松比随轴向应变的变化速率）的概念,发现非饱和土的切线模量和泊松比变化率均随轴向应变的增加呈指数衰减规律,基于此提出了一种描述非饱和土应力-应变关系的新非线性模型。该模型不仅能描述应变硬化,而且能描述应变软化;能对非饱和土三轴不固结不排水剪、固结排水剪、固结不排水剪试验的应力-应变关系进行描述;模型共包含6个参数,物理意义明确,确定方法简便。利用提出的模型对国内外文献中的三轴试验进行了模拟,结果表明,模拟结果与试验数据有很好的吻合度,从而验证了模型对试验数据的合理性和适用性。