Herbicide contamination and the potential impact to seagrass meadows in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia

Low concentrations of herbicides (up to 70 ng l(-1)), chiefly diuron (up to 50 ng l(-1)) were detected in surface waters associated with inter-tidal seagrass meadows of Zostera muelleri in Hervey Bay, south-east Queensland, Australia. Diuron and atrazine (up to 1.1 ng g(-1) dry weight of sediment) were detected in the sediments of these seagrass meadows. Concentration of the herbicides diuron, simazine and atrazine increased in surface waters associated with seagrass meadows during moderate river flow events indicating herbicides were washed from the catchment to the marine environment. Maximum herbicide concentration (sum of eight herbicides) in the Mary River during a moderate river flow event was 4260 ng l(-1). No photosynthetic stress was detected in seagrass in this study during low river flow. However, with moderate river flow events, nearshore seagrasses are at risk of being exposed to concentrations of herbicides that are known to inhibit photosynthesis.     

Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at low temperature in the presence of the dispersant Corexit 9500

Our study examined the effects of Corexit 9500 and sediment on microbial mineralization of specific aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in crude oil. We also measured gross mineralization of crude oil, dispersed crude oil and dispersant by a marine microbial consortium in the absence of sediment. When provided as carbon sources, our consortium mineralized Corexit 9500 the most rapidly, followed by fresh oil, and finally weathered oil or dispersed oil. However, mineralization in short term assays favored particular components of crude oil (2-methyl-naphthalene > dodecane > phenanthrene > hexadecane > pyrene) and was not affected by addition of nutrients or sediment (high sand, low organic carbon). Adding dispersant inhibited hexadecane and phenanthrene mineralization but did not affect dodecane and 2-methyl-naphthalene mineralization. Thus, the effect of dispersant on biodegradation of a specific hydrocarbon was not predictable by class. The results were consistent for both high and low oiling experiments and for both fresh and weathered oil. Overall, our results indicate that environmental use of Corexit 9500 could result in either increases or decreases in the toxicity of residual oil through selective microbial mineralization of hydrocarbons.     

Effects of chitin on microbial emulsification, mineralization potential, and toxicity of bunker C fuel oil

Bunker C, one of the most frequently spilled petroleum products in the US, is difficult to remove from oiled surfaces and is relatively recalcitrant to biodegradation; therefore, emulsification and biodegradability must be optimized before bioremediation can be considered a viable treatment option. Sand from a freshly oiled beach near Dutch Harbor, Alaska, was incubated at 10 degrees C with nutrients (Bushnell-Haas (BH)) or nutrients with crab shell chitin (BH-C). BH-C amendment resulted in greater numbers of bunker C emulsifiers and greater mineralization potentials for hexadecane, phenanthrene, and fluorene than with BH only. Compared to BH alone, mineralization potentials for bunker C also were higher in BH-C, with an estimated 8% of fuel oil mineralized after 6 weeks. Microbially emulsified oil was more toxic than in uninoculated controls (p < 0.05) as measured by Microtox assays. However, toxicity was significantly lower in BH-C than BH after 4 and 6 weeks incubation (p < 0.05).     

西安市夏季空气颗粒物污染特征及来源分析

大气颗粒物一直是西安市的主要污染物,多年监测的TSP日均浓度值均超过国家二级标准限值150 μg/m3。1996年夏季在西安市南郊陕西省委党校设立监测点,使用步进式时间序列自动采样仪对当地空气颗粒物进行了4天24小时连续采样,使用PIXE对采到的32个样品进行元素分析,每个样品分析出14～16种元素。各种元素浓度随时间变化趋势基本一致,主要受气象条件的影响,降雨对空气颗粒物各元素浓度有明显抑制作用。富集因子分析表明,西安市空气颗粒物不仅受地壳物质的影响,还受到一定程度人为污染的影响。元素浓度的因子分析表明,西安市夏季颗粒物主要有4种来源：地壳物质、有色治炼、燃煤排放源和化工制药业。     

Soils of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, the maritime Antarctic: Part~-> Formation processes and pedogenetic particu-larities

Based on the data obtained from tens of the investigated soil profiles scattered over the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, the maritime Antarctic, the soil forming processes were discussed. It was concluded that on the weathering crusts resulted from various physical courses, the strong freeze thaw action within regolith, significant organic matter accumulation, evident leaching and illuviation, as well as initial argillification dominated the formation and development of the soils on the Fildes Peninsula. Furthermore, this study indicated that the juvenility of genesis, poor profile expression, variation in column thickness, etc. characterized the pedogenetic features of the soils of the Fildes Peninsula.     

小江流域泥石流堆积扇形成的制约因素及其特征

在系统分析了各种因素对泥石流堆积扇形成影响的基础上,提出流域腹地中流域面积、沟床比降和堆积区主河河谷宽度及主河能量等因素对泥石流堆积扇发育的影响较大。结合TM卫星影象和1:5万地形图,解译了小江流域内泥石流堆积扇的范围。在此基础上,统计了流域腹地内两大重要条件-流域面积和沟床比降与堆积扇面积之间的关系。在小江流域,堆积扇的面积随流域面积的增加而增加,二者之间是正的指数关系;而堆积扇面积与沟床比降之间可用一个负的指数关系式表达。最后,堆积区特征对小江流域泥石流堆积扇的影响主要是其堆积空间限制了大型堆积扇,比如蒋家沟泥石流堆积扇的发展。     

基于储层结构的厚壳蛤建隆沉积模式--以伊朗SA油田Sarvak油藏为例

针对伊朗SA油田上白垩统Sarvak油藏富含厚壳蛤碎屑Sar-3层开发所遇问题,运用岩芯,薄片,XRD,三维地震等资料,对厚壳蛤建隆沉积模式及对应形成储层结构进行研究。研究表明Sar-3沉积期主要发育属于碳酸盐缓坡沉积体系内障壁岛-滩亚相内的厚壳蛤丘和伴生潮坪两类微相,结合区域构造沉积背景建立沉积模式,该模式强调以下要点:①受构造运动影响形成的古地层隆起为影响厚壳蛤生物礁建隆分布主控因素;②受海平面下降和古地层隆起向上抬升影响,厚壳蛤建隆在生长早期受强水流作用破坏,搬运再沉积形成缓丘状礁滩混合体;③Sar-3层上部广泛发育潮坪环境致密泥晶灰岩沉积,受古地貌控制,边部构造低部位区垂向可叠置发育多期潮坪沉积;④旋回末形成局部短暂水上暴露环境,大气水所造成的淡水淋滤作用为影响储层性质及结构主要因素。Sar-3层垂向结构可表征为二元结构,下部为厚壳蛤灰岩储层,上部为潮坪致密灰岩隔层,两者厚度受控于古地貌,古地貌高点为储层有利发育区。以此为依据提出相应水平井开发对策:古地貌高部位区力争轨迹保持在油层中部钻进,低部位区前段以微倾角钻穿油层,后段确保在储层底部钻进。     

基于面板三阶段DEA-Malmquist模型的中国农业绿色水资源利用效率研究

在考虑农业非合意产出的情况下,选取2010—2018年中国省级行政区面板数据,应用三阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数模型对中国农业绿色水资源利用效率的动态变化及其驱动因素进行测算和分析。研究表明：在研究期内,内蒙古和海南的农业绿色水资源利用效率均值较高,两者均高于0.99,原因是农产品单位价值较高或生产过程中污染物排放较少。江苏和广东等省份农业绿色水资源利用效率的增长率主要是由技术进步因素推动的。中国东部地区在研究期内的农业绿色水资源利用效率有明显上升,年均增长速度最快,是由于该地区经济目标向高质量发展的转变。技术创新、规模经济和管理水平的提升共同推动了东部地区农业绿色水资源利用效率的提高。     

舟山市土地利用总体规划空间布局实施情况简析

土地利用总体规划实施评估由定量评估、空间布局评估两部分组成,其中规划空间布局评估反映的是空间管制区实施进展情况、管制区布局调整情况。空间布局评估的作用是编制规划布局实施进展图,引导新增建设项目用地选址,优化城乡建设空间布局。《舟山市土地利用总体规划(2006-2020年)》根据海岛区域的自然环境条件、土地利用特点,按照用途相似、位置相邻、布局优化、结构合理的原则,对全市土地进行了功能分区。在功能分区过程中,土地利用总体规划与相关规划进行充分衔接,用地空间布局分为农业生产用地布局、生态用地布局、城乡建设用地布局、基础设施用地布局和滩涂围垦用地布局。一、规划空间布局合理性评估(一)农业生产用地布局     

结合支持向量机与粒度计算的高分辨率遥感影像面向对象分类

结合支持向量机技术与基于粗糙集的粒度计算,提出一种新的高分辨率遥感影像面向对象分类方法.首先,采用相位一致模型得到QuickBird全色影像的梯度图,并利用扩展最小变换技术获取地物目标的前景标识,进而采用强制最小技术重建梯度.在此基础上,采用分水岭变换得到较佳分割效果.然后,从多光谱波段数据中提取对象的光谱特征,并用G...