北京地区地震参数与速度结构的联合测定

为提高北京遥测地震台网的地震参数测定能力,对北京地区（38°-41°N,114°-119°E）建立了一个新的地震波速度模型MDBJ81。这一模型有四个水平层置于均匀半空间之上,第一层分成三块,以反映该地区浅部结构的横向差异及地形起伏效应。在联合测定地震参数和速度结构过程中,其可调整速度模型参数包括:各层中的平均P波速度,各层层顶深度,第一层三块厚度以及平均P波S波速度比。通过分离参数,避免了求解大型方程组。 最后求解中使用了北京台网1979年记录的43个地震,共836个P波及S波震相到时。结果表明,北京周围地区的确存在速度结构的横向差异,第一层底深度自西北向东南逐块增加。得到的新震中位置一般比原台网测定位置更靠近表面断层线。     

中国省级地震局因特网地震数据服务状况分析

作者对我国各省(直辖市、自治区)地震局在因特网上运行的信息网站进行了浏览,搜集了这些网站在地震数据服务方面的信息,从地震数据共享的角度,对我国省级地震局的因特网地震数据服务状况进行了分析。本文概要介绍分析结果,并对进一步发展因特网上的地震数据服务提出若干建议。     

Water column monitoring near oil installations in the North Sea 2001-2004

Fisheries have been vital to coastal communities around the North Sea for centuries, but this semi-enclosed sea also receives large amounts of waste. It is therefore important to monitor and control inputs of contaminants into the North Sea. Inputs of effluents from offshore oil and gas production platforms (produced water) in the Norwegian sector have been monitored through an integrated chemical and biological effects programme since 2001. The programme has used caged Atlantic cod and blue mussels. PAH tissue residues in blue mussels and PAH bile metabolites in cod have confirmed exposure to effluents, but there was variation between years. Results for a range of biological effects methods reflected exposure gradients and indicated that exposure levels were low and caused minor environmental impact at the deployment locations. There is a need to develop methods that are sufficiently sensitive to components in produced water at levels found in marine ecosystems.     

WDC-D地震学科中心的回顾与展望

引言世界数据中心中国中心（ＷｏｒｌｄＤａｔａＣｅｎｔｒｅ－Ｄ,以下简称ＷＤＣ－Ｄ）地震学科中心（ＷＤＣ－ＤｆｏｒＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｙ,以下简称ＷＤＣＤＳ）自１９８８年９月正式成立以来,已经过了１０年。面对新世纪的到来,回顾ＷＤＣＤＳ的发展历程,分析其现状,并规划中心的未来,应该是很值得的。特别是人们越来越认识到科学研究中基础性工作的重要性,而科学数据的汇集、管理与服务是科学研究中基础性工作的重要组成部分。因此,对如何建设与发展数据中心这一主题进行探讨,更有现实意义和长远意义。本文在回顾历史、分析…     

Antifouling activity of commercial biocides vs. natural and natural-derived products assessed by marine bacteria adhesion bioassay

Biofilm formation is a key step during marine biofouling, the natural colonization of immersed substrata, leading to major economic and ecological consequences. Consequently, bacteria have been used for the screening of new non-toxic antifoulants: the adhesion of five strains isolated on three French locations was monitored using a fluorescence-based assay and toxicity was also evaluated. Nine biocides including commercial, natural and natural-derived products were tested. The commercial antifoulants, TBTO and Sea Nine showed low EC₅₀ but high toxicity. The non-commercial products TFA-Z showed significant anti-adhesion activities and appeared to be non-toxic, suggesting a specific anti-adhesion mechanism. In addition, the strains could be classified depending on their sensitivity to the molecules used even if strain sensitivity also depended on the molecules tested. In conclusion, TFA-Z would be a promising candidate as non-toxic antifoulant and our results strengthen the need to perform antifouling bioassays with a panel of strains showing different response profiles.     

A cleaner river: long term use of semipermeable membrane devices demonstrate that concentrations of selected organochlorines and PAHs in the Brisbane River estuary, Queensland have reduced substantially over the past decade

We first used semipermeable membrane devices as samplers to evaluate concentrations of organochlorines and PAHs in the Brisbane River in 1998. Here we revisit this work and repeat the study a decade later in the same season (summer), also taking account of results from a similar study involving PAHs in the summer of 2001-2002. The accumulation of organochlorines and most PAHs in the samplers in the recent assessment was substantially less than in the 1998 deployment, suggesting that the ambient concentrations of these chemicals have decreased considerably over the last decade. In all cases there was high reproducibility of the mass of chemicals accumulated in the sampler. We used performance reference compounds in the later deployment, and assuming that the kinetics were similar in both deployment periods, we estimate that the concentration of dieldrin, the organochlorine found at highest concentrations, decreased from approximately 3.9 ng/L to about 1.4 ng/L. The decrease of most other analytes of interest including DDE and DDD was greater, potentially indicating that dieldrin is still entering the Brisbane River through run-off from urban areas where it was used widely for treatment of termites until 1995. DDT use in Australia ceased in the mid 1980s.     

Identification of the natural product 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole in Pacific biota, passive samplers and seagrass from Queensland, Australia

Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are frequently detected in marine organisms. High HNP concentrations have previously been found in marine mammals from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including in the blubber of herbivorous dugongs (Dugong dugon). To identify the source of HNPs we initially focused on the analysis of Australian seagrass (Halophila ovalis) which serves as the principal food source for dugongs. GC/MS analysis of the seagrass indicated the presence of several organobromine compounds. One compound was identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole (TBMP) by synthesis. Subsequent analysis of semipermeable membrane devices demonstrated that the photo-sensitive TBMP is widespread in the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). The detection of larger TBMP concentrations in fish fillets from Chile and traces in mussels from New Zealand indicated that this potential HNP may be distributed throughout the Southern Pacific Ocean.     

Systematic study of effects of pH and ionic strength on attachment of phage PRD1

Objectives of this work are to investigate effects of pH and ionic strength (IS) on virus transport in saturated soil and to develop a quantitative relationship for these effects. A series of 50-cm column experiments with clean quartz sand under saturated conditions and with pH values of 5, 6, 7, 8, and IS values of 1, 10, and 20 mM were conducted. Bacteriophage PRD1 was used as a model virus. Applying a one-site kinetic model, attachment, detachment, and inactivation rate coefficients were determined from fitting breakthrough curves using the software package Hydrus-1D. Attachment rate coefficients increased with decreasing pH and increasing IS, in agreement with DLVO theory. Sticking efficiencies were calculated from the attachment rate coefficients and used to develop an empirical formula for sticking efficiency as a function of pH and IS. This relationship is applicable under unfavorable conditions for virus attachment. We compared sticking efficiencies predicted by the empirical formula with those from field and column experiments. Within the calibrated range of pH and IS, the predicted and observed sticking efficiencies are in reasonable agreement for bacteriophages PRD1 and MS2. However, the formula significantly overestimates sticking efficiencies for IS higher than 100 mM. In addition, it performs less well for viruses with different surface reactivity than PRD1 and MS2. Effects of pH and IS on detachment and inactivation rate coefficients were also investigated but the experimental results do not allow constraining these parameters with sufficient certainty.     

区域地震台网地震定位能力分析

本文提出了分析区域地震台网地震定位能力的一种通用方法.在分析过程中考虑了如下事实:当改变地震震级和震源在台网区域内的位置时,能读出 P 震相和 S 震相到时的台站组合也随之改变.作为一个实例,具体分析了北京遥测地震台网的定位能力.北京台网现有19个台站,覆盖面积约为300公里400公里.根据观测资料,建立了确定每个台站检测能力(作为台站仪器放大倍数和地震震级的函数)的经验公式.然后,对每个给定震级和震源位置的可能事件,确定其子台网的构成.在这些子台网的基础上,利用奇异值分解技术,对事先设定的到时数据标准误差计算出震源座标的误差分布和线性化条件方程组的条件数分布.对给定震级(例如,ML=1.0,2.0或3.0),将计算结果绘成等值线图.为了进行比较,还分析了一个包括61个台站的北京台网扩建方案,从而可以预先估计未来台网的地震定位能力.