台风阻塞形势下两次四川盆地持续性暴雨过程对比研究

利用 CMORPH融合资料、地面降水资料和卫星云图资料,针对2015年6月22~24日（过程一）和2018年7月10~12日（过程二）四川省持续性暴雨过程,从动力、热力、水汽、云图等多方面进行对比分析。结果表明：两次过程的落区、强度均不相同;过程一主要降水产生于四川盆地东北部到中部,48h内共有338个区域自动站出现了暴雨以上的降水,最大雨量达到313.5mm;过程二强降水出现在四川盆地西北部,48h内共有942个区域自动站出现了暴雨以上的降水,最大雨量达到481.7mm。两次过程都有高空低槽、台风、切变线等多个不同尺度影响系统的相互作用;台风登陆点对四川盆地的暴雨落区有明显影响,台风从广西登陆,盆地降水偏北,而从东部沿海登陆,盆地降水偏西。两次过程低槽均为后倾槽,斜压特征明显;过程一降水激发了盆地涡的生成,盆地涡又使得降水持续,整个降水过程基本处于不稳定层结下,有MCC生成,多个时次的1h降水超过30mm;过程二随着副高东退,低槽东移,降水由前期的对流性转为稳定性降水。从位涡发展和移动来看,两次过程高位涡与强降水的发生时段吻合,位涡指示四川盆地暴雨落区具有重要的参考价值。     

Integration of biochemical, histochemical and toxicogenomic indices for the assessment of health status of mussels from the Tamar Estuary, U.K

The aim of this study was to examine whether a combination of biochemical, histopathological and toxicogenomic data could be used as a valuable tool for the assessment of biological risk associated with pollutants within the Tamar River and Estuary, S.W. England, U.K. Accordingly, biochemical and histopathological biomarkers (protein carbonyls, lipofuscin, neutral lipids, lysosomal stability [N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase and neutral red], lysosomal volume, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] and malonaldehyde [MDA]) and gene expression profiles were assessed in 5 sites from the Tamar River and Estuary (Neal Point, Town Quay, Wilcove, Cremyll Ferry and Whitsand; and a reference site, Trebarwith Strand, N. Cornwall). PAHs were measured in mussel tissue and sediment and metals were measured in mussel tissue only. Data from the biomarkers was integrated into a Mussel Expert System (MES) model to produce a simple assessment of mussel stress. Clear gradients of mussel toxicity were identified by the biomarkers (with the exception of neutral lipids) with the highest impacted animals found furthest up the Tamar, whilst the MES was unable to identify a gradient of effect. Gene expression profiles also indicated a gradient of stress with the greatest number of significantly up- or down- regulated genes found at the uppermost 2 sites. The MES did, however, determine that mussels from all sites, except the reference site, were highly stressed; a conclusion that could not be inferred from the biomarker data alone. It is concluded that the MES is a valuable tool that permits integration and interpretation of complex sets of biomarker data by identifying the biological meaning of biomarker changes.     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

Comparative tolerance of two estuarine annelids to fluoranthene under normoxic and moderately hypoxic conditions

The tolerance of the oligochaete Monopylephorus rubroniveus and the polychaete Streblospio benedicti to sediment-associated fluoranthene was characterized under normoxic (>80% dissolved oxygen saturation) and moderately hypoxic ( approximately 50% dissolved oxygen saturation) conditions. Under both conditions, M. rubroniveus was highly tolerant of fluoranthene. Streblospio benedicti was considerably less tolerant of fluoranthene compared with M. rubroniveus. In addition, S. benedicti was less tolerant to fluoranthene under moderately hypoxic conditions, although no differences in sensitivity between the two oxygen conditions were observed based upon median lethal tissue residues. Bioaccumulation factors were higher for S. benedicti exposed to moderate hypoxia, suggesting that behavioral adaptations to compensate for the lower dissolved oxygen increased its bioaccumulation of fluoranthene. The results of the present laboratory study demonstrate that (1). changes in annelid tolerance to fluoranthene under varying oxygen conditions is a species-dependent phenomenon and (2). the differential tolerance of these two annelids to these combined stressors is consistent with their relative abundances in the field.     

贵州夏季暴雨的气候特征

 利用贵州52个测站的1961-2006年历年夏季（6-8月）逐日降水资料,分析了贵州夏季暴雨的时空分布特征、周期振荡及其突变特征。结果表明：46 a来贵州夏季暴雨量呈增加趋势,并存在明显的年际、年代际变化特征;暴雨日数和暴雨量在1985年发生突变;暴雨日数和暴雨量均存在15 a和准10 a的周期振荡;暴雨日数和暴雨量EOF分解的第一特征向量的荷载场空间分布基本一致,表明全省呈偏多（少）的一致型同位相分布。     

中国城镇化与耕地变化时空耦合研究

利用全国(港澳台地区除外)1985—2013年的面板数据,分析各省份城镇化水平的演进态势及耕地数量的动态变化,并分不同时段测算各省份城镇化发展水平与耕地资源变动的耦合协调程度。结果表明:(1)1985年以来,全国大部分地区的城镇化水平整体上都呈现上升的变化趋势,东三省城镇化水平稳定上升但活力不足,西北多省份上升中波动较大,西南地区水平偏低。(2)全国耕地资源在20世纪80年代普遍减少,后期多省份有所增加,但京、津、沪、苏、粤等地的耕地面积一直在以一定的速率减少。(3)全国城镇化与耕地资源关系的协调度呈现西高东低、北高南低的空间格局。较多地区在快速城镇化进程中城镇化发展与耕地资源的协调度呈恶化趋势。     

温室气体的卫星遥感—进展与趋势

二氧化碳和甲烷减排是控制全球增温最核心的手段,传统的人为碳排放计算主要依赖于在线监测和清单算法,2019年第49届1PCC全会明确了利用大气观测通过"自上而下"通量计算对排放清单进行支撑和验证,因此了解大气遥感碳监测发展趋势以及同化反演技术方法成为了中国应对国际气候变化事务亟待探明的重要问题.根据卫星遥感技术发展进程和...     

地理国情各要素之间套合关系检查要点分析

将地理国情普查工作中地表覆盖和地理国情要素两个重要成果之间的套合关系进行梳理,依据各项规定和生产实践经验,对重点问题进行整理和分析,明确了两者相互关系并提供一些有益的建议,为提高地理国情普查成果质量提供帮助。     

配制配合在煤田钻探设备维修中的应用

煤田地质钻探设备,由于其工作环境恶劣,轴套间磨损速度快。如我局江南基础特种工程公司从国外引进 BH12型地下连续墙钻探设备,其挖掘部分在地下几十米深处,泥浆的液压力要求挖掘部分连杆机构中轴与套配合精度高。如果按照国外图纸进行配件加工,很难满足其使用配合要求,而且会加大加工成本。笔者在修配中按其配合的要求采用配制配合的制作,不仅降低了零配件的加工精度,提高了成品率,而且在使用中完全符合图纸的要求。 1配制配合 　　配制配合是将配合体中的一个零件 (孔或轴 )先加工好,准确地测出其实际尺寸,再以该零件的实际尺…     

地面沉降加重了1998年中国大洪灾

一、引言 1998年夏,我国长江、嫩江、松花江相继发生特大洪水,江西、湖南、湖北、黑龙江、内蒙古和吉林等省区遭受洪涝灾害。直接经济损失超过2000亿元人民币。1998年8月6日,江泽民总书记批示:“今年大灾之后,建议很好总结一