国际矿物学协会新矿物及矿物命名委员会关于矿物命名的程序和原则（1997年）

1引言国际矿物学协会新矿物及矿物命名委员会(简称CNMMN)是由各有关国家矿物学团体指定的代表组成的,目的在于控制新矿物的引入和矿物命名的合理性,自1959年成立以来,其工作得到了国际矿物学界广泛的支持。CNMMN不希望将一套严格的规则强加于矿物学界,而是提供一套具有连续性的原则,以便于为新矿物的确认和矿物命名法的应用提供一个合理的、一致性的方法。现在所提出的原则可能会十分合理地应用于绝大多数情况,但是,总会不可避免地出现一些例外,如文中多次强调的,每项建议必须根据其具体情况进行判断。2新矿物2.1有关新矿物种…     

东营第三系凹陷中央断裂带的演化机制探讨

中央断裂带位于中国东部东营凹陷中部,发育有厚达７００ｍ的第三系碎屑岩。主要勘探目的层是第三系的沙河街组地层。影响中央断裂带的主要地质力学因素有三个方面：（１）脊部塌陷机制：由东营凹陷北部的埕南大断裂（犁式张性断裂）所控制的凹陷中部地堑型断裂;（２）塑性物质上隆机制：中央断裂带深部存在盐体上隆;（３）右旋张扭机制。这些机制在时间上不是弧立的,而是相互作用的。区域构造、沉积作用和右旋张扭应力控制了脊部     

Estimating aquifer properties from the water level response to Earth tides

Water level fluctuations induced by tidal strains can be analyzed to estimate the elastic properties, porosity, and transmissivity of the surrounding aquifer material. We review underutilized methods for estimating aquifer properties from the confined response to earth tides. The earth tide analyses are applied to an open well penetrating a confined carbonate aquifer. The resulting range of elastic and hydraulic aquifer properties are in general agreement with that determined by other investigators for the area of the well. The analyses indicate that passive monitoring data from wells completed in sufficiently stiff, low porosity formations can provide useful information on the properties of the surrounding formation.     

Monitoring regional groundwater extraction: the problem

As hydraulic disturbances (signals) are propagated through a groundwater system two things happen: (1) the higher frequencies in the disturbance are filtered out by the physics of the system and (2) the disturbance takes time to propagate through the system. The filtering and time delays depend on the aquifer diffusivity. This means, for example, if one is observing a water table aquifer at some distance from where annual recharge is occurring, only the long-term average effect of the recharge will be transmitted to the observation point--the system filters out annual variations. These facts have profound impacts on what is feasible to monitor. For example, if one is concerned about the impact of pumping on a spring in a water table aquifer, where the pumping is more than 20 miles or so from the spring, there will be a long delay before the pumping impacts the spring and there will be an equally long delay before a long-term reduction in the pumping regime will restore the spring. The filtering by lower diffusivity groundwater systems makes it impossible to discriminate between the impacts of several major pumpers in the system and/or long-term climate changes.     

Biological responses to contaminants in the Humber Estuary: disentangling complex relationships

Due to the ecological importance of estuaries, it is necessary to understand the biological effects that potentially toxic contaminants induce in bioindicator species. A key aspect is whether effects at lower levels of biological organisation transfer through the system to higher levels. In understanding such processes, characterising multivariate relationships between contaminants, sediment toxicities and detoxification processes are important. Worms (Hediste diversicolor) and sediments were collected along the Humber Estuary, England, and inorganic and organic contaminants were quantified. Sediment toxicities and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) activity in the ragworm were analysed. Concentrations of metals were highest near urban and industrial areas, whereas organic contaminants appeared at upstream locations. GST activity correlated with heavy metals. The genotoxicity, oestrogenicity, dioxin and dioxin-like activity were higher at upstream locations. Oestrogenicity correlated with alkylphenols and some organochlorines, whilst genotoxicity correlated with organochlorines and heavy metals. Despite this, higher level biological responses could not be predicted, indicating that homeostasis is operating.     

Feeding the family during times of stress: experience and determinants of food insecurity in an Inuit community

This paper uses a mixed methods approach to characterise the experience of food insecurity among Inuit community members in Igloolik, Nunavut, and examine the conditions and processes that constrain access, availability, and quality of food. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n= 66) and focus groups (n= 10) with community members, and key informant interviews with local and territorial health professionals and policymakers (n= 19). The study indicates widespread experience of food insecurity. Even individuals and households who were food secure at the time of the research had experienced food insecurity in the recent past, with food insecurity largely transitory in nature. Multiple determinants of food insecurity operating over different spatial-temporal scales are identified, including food affordability and budgeting, food knowledge and preferences, food quality and availability, environmental stress, declining hunting activity, and the cost of harvesting. These determinants are operating in the context of changing livelihoods and climate change, which in many cases are exacerbating food insecurity, although high-order manifestations of food insecurity (that is, starvation) are no longer experienced.     

Models to determine first-order rate coefficients from single-well push-pull tests

Push-pull tests (PPTs) have been successfully employed to quantify various microbially mediated processes in the subsurface. Current models for determining first-order rate coefficients (k) from PPTs assume complete and instantaneous mixing of injected test solution in the portion of the aquifer investigated by the test, i.e., the system is treated like a well-mixed reactor. Here we present two alternative models to estimate k that are based on different mixing assumptions, i.e., plug-flow and variably mixed reactor models. Rate coefficients estimated by the models were compared using a sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations of PPTs. Results indicated that all models yielded reasonably accurate k estimates (errors < 13%), while best accuracy (errors < 1%) was obtained using the variably mixed reactor model. The well-mixed reactor model generally overestimated true (simulation input) k values, whereas true k values were consistently underestimated by the plug-flow reactor model. However, estimates of k obtained with the latter models bracketed true k values in all cases. As the variably mixed reactor model is more difficult to apply, we suggest using the well-mixed and plug-flow reactor models to obtain intervals for k estimates that will encompass true k values with high certainty. In an example application, we used all models to reanalyze a published PPT data set to obtain k estimates for nitrate consumption in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Similar results were obtained for all three models (relative differences < 10% between k estimates), indicating that all three models are robust tools for estimating k values from PPT experimental data.