太古代麻粒岩能从硅铝质岩浆库中直接结晶产生吗？

太古代麻粒岩地体中通常主要分布的是紫苏花岗岩—紫苏花岗闪长岩套。这套岩石地球化学特征类似于太古代克拉通的英云闪长质—奥长花岗质—花岗闪长质片麻岩(TTG)。开放系统的结晶分异模式认为,TTG地壳是由浅部英云闪长质岩浆结晶生成的。按照这个模式,我们认为,上述麻粒岩可能是对流循环的同一岩浆库的底部结晶生成的。随着深度增加流体的溶解度增大,这意味着在厚大对流岩浆库的底部H_2O和CO_2是不饱和的。这样就可以形成紫苏花岗岩组合。深部结晶作用可包括脱挥发份—熔融反应的逆过程,即耗损钾长石、斜方辉石和流体产生黑云母和石英。这种反应在结晶期间减弱了水的活动性,但不减少CO_2的活动性,因此,在逐渐固结过程中出溶的流体多半是富CO_2的。     

Metal contaminants for modelling lobster (Homarus americanus) migration patterns in the Inner Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada

A method, which uses metal compositions in lobster digestive glands as natural environmental tags, has been developed to trace lobster movements. Lobsters were collected from three selected sites, Minas Channel, Minas Basin, and Cobequid Bay, Inner Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada, that were known to be contaminated with Cu. Five metal variables (Ag, Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn) were processed for principal component analysis (PCA). Metal concentration and burden models were investigated and PCA was able to differentiate lobsters from the respective catch sites. The method was applied to investigate the May and June lobsters collected at the three sites to determine the migration rate during this period of the fishing season. The results show a high level of mixing at Minas Basin and Cobequid Bay in June, and lobster movement inward toward the inner reaches of the bay, with very limited movement outward from the inner bay.     

Aquaculture-related trace metals in sediments and lobsters and relevance to environmental monitoring program ratings for near-field effects

The study was undertaken to assess the marine environmental effects from feed and waste associated with aquaculture activities. Metal compositions of sediment, lobster, and feed were used to evaluate the extent of detectable effects at 0 m (under the cage) and 50 m distance. Sediments that were collected under the cages and were characterised as hypoxic or anoxic, showed elevated levels of Cu, Zn, organic carbon, and % <63 microm particles, and low Mn and Fe. At 50 m there was a major reduction in waste chemical impact. Using lobster, a bioindicator species, as a tool for detecting near-field impacts, showed accumulations of high Cu associated with active aquaculture sites. Chemical compositions and metal ratios normalised with organic carbon, were used to assess the sediment conditions associated with environmental monitoring program ratings (EMP--normal, hypoxic, and anoxic). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore chemical data at all sites for differentiating normal, hypoxic and anoxic sediment conditions. Selected variables (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, organic carbon, and particles <63 microm) were sufficient for the PCA approach with >90% explainable variance of first two components. The groupings based on PCA and cluster analysis were similar to EMP classifications with some exceptions of mis-identification by EMP. The sediment chemistry components were valid indicators for evaluating marine environmental conditions and for assessing aquaculture operating sites. The developed techniques, using chemical variables in combination with EMP and the statistical approach should be useful to predict the effects of aquaculture practices and the suitability of aquaculture operations.     

登山技术在岩质开挖边坡分析和岩崩治理中的应用

在加利福尼亚有近3000英里的公路上,已有岩崩现象的报导。由于交通通道变得越来越受到限制,因此,现存岩质挖方边坡的加固也就变得更加重要了。一般情况下,这些加固场地都位于从路面上去检测通道受到限制的地区。本文讨论了登山技术在帮助工程地质学家进行岩质边坡近距离调查中的应用。通过地面上拥有倾斜航空照片的专家组的无线电指导,攀登绳上的工程地质学家就能够收集到关于斜坡的重要资料。控制边坡稳定性的平面特征就可以直接被观察和测量,不连续面间距的变化,水的存在以及结构面产状也能够直接测量。路面上的调查组拍摄登山组所安装的观标,就可以准确地确定边坡上的关键控制点的位置。本文强调了通过安全的、有控制的登山技术,将岩石力学运用于岩石边坡开挖设计和岩崩治理之中。