2008年5月12日汶川地震谱震级及相关问题研究

基于P波和S波的谱震级特征对汶川地震进行了定量研究,可以看出P波和S波的最大谱震级出现在不同的周期上。对这一现象的构造物理意义进行了讨论,推测相对于P波而言,地震发生期间辐射的S波能量来自异常大的震源体积。选择部分全球地震的谱特征为背景,对汶川地震的体波谱震级特征进行了分析,结论是汶川地震的特征与其所处的周边环境是一致的。     

冰岛裂谷北部阿斯基亚火山之下岩浆运动引起的下地壳地震

裂谷中的下地壳层通常由于高温而呈韧性,火山岩浆活动会引发地震。冰鸟中大西洋裂谷的特点是热流高,大量岩浆聚集成高达25～30km厚的地壳,在上部8km内常发生地震。2006年7～8月在冰岛北部裂谷带阿斯基亚火山周围布设了20台地震仪进行观测,记录到位于脆韧性边界1700次震源深度为7～8km的上地壳地震;还记录到多数以震群形式发生在其他非震层的下地壳内和完全非震层的中地壳之下14～26km的100个M1〈1．5级小地震。在2007年7～8月的重复测量中,更是观测到2倍以上的下地壳地震事件。大地测量和重力数据显示,在阿斯基亚火山下存在熔岩流,当熔岩从岩浆房通过地壳流向阿斯基亚火山的过程中引发地震,也表明在活动裂谷带中岩浆在张开的岩脉中运移几米距离可引发爆裂。     

通海地磁台(L=1.03)Pc3地磁脉动的出现率

利用通海地磁台(L=1．03)1999年SMALL磁通门磁力仪记录资料，对Pc3脉动出现率的统计结果表明，日出现频次有两个峰值，即清晨06：00-07：00LT(地方时)出现频次最高，午后14：00～15：00LT为次峰值。Pc3脉动月出现频率最高的是4月和12月，其次是8月和9月；最少的是6月和7月。按季节统计结果为春秋季出现频次最高，冬季次之，夏季最低。     

Quantitative measurement of channel-block hydraulic interactions by experimental saturation of a large, natural, fissured rock mass

The hydrodynamic behavior of fissured media relies on the relationships between a few very conductive fractures (channels) and the remaining low-conductivity fractures and matrix (blocks). We made a quantitative measurement of those relationships and their effect on water drainage and storage in a 19,000 m3 natural reservoir consisting of karstified limestones. This reservoir was artificially saturated with water by closing a water gate on the main outlet during a varying time (delta t) fixed by the operator. The water gate was completely or partly closed until the water pressure reached a particular specified value. If the water gate was left completely closed long enough, the water pressure was fixed by the elevation of temporary outlets at the site boundaries. The water elevation within the reservoir was monitored by means of pressure cells located on single fractures representative of the bedding plane and the two families of fractures of the massif network. The comparison of pressure variations with the network geometry allows us to identify a typical double permeability characterized by a few very conductive channels along 10 vertical faults. These channels limit blocks consisting of low-conductivity bedding planes and a rather impervious matrix. Depending on the closure interval, delta t, of the water gate, the total volume of water stored in the reservoir can vary from 0.8 m3 (delta t = 5 minutes) to 18.6 m3 (delta t = 2 days). Such a variance of storage versus closure time is explained by the reservoir's double permeability that is characterized by blocks that saturate much more slowly than channels. If plotted versus time, this injected volume fits a power relationship, according to the saturation state of the blocks. In less than 34 minutes, storage is close to zero in the blocks and to 1.6 to 2 m3 in the channels. For closing times shorter than 1 hour, only 1% of the volume that flows in the channels is stored into the blocks. Depending on the water pressure and for a given delta t = 3000 minutes, the volume of water stored is controlled by the geometry of the joint network and of the aquifer boundaries. Such an experiment shows that the flow is concentrated in about 10% of the fractured network (channels). The water storage that takes place in the 90% remaining fractures (blocks) depends mainly on time during which pressure remains high into the 10% channels. The accurate modeling of such typical double-permeability media needs a careful study of the geometry of the channels whose narrowings modify the flow and induce dam effects that maintain a high pressure gradient with surrounding blocks.     

由兰德斯和赫克托矿地震的地震波触发的地震

加州1992年兰德斯7.3级地震和1999年赫克托矿7．1级地震的接近和相似允许人们对触发地震的假设进行检验，而这在以前是不可能的。赫克托矿地震证实了对兰德斯地震所提出的推断：瞬时、振荡的“动态”形变以地震波的形式辐射，能触发地震活动速率的增加(Hill，et al，1993；Anderson，et al，1994；Gomberg and Bodin，1994；Spudich，et al，1995；Gomberg，1996；Gomberg and Davis，1996)。在本文中，我们对地震活动速率的空间和时间变化(Matthews and Reasenberg，1988)进行了量化。在兰德斯地震的北部地震活动速率增加，而对赫克托矿地震这种增加主要发生在震中以南。我们认为破裂方向性分别使兰德斯和赫克托矿断层的北方和南方动态形变提高，这可以由地震波速度场的不对称性得到证明。对于触发作用，动态和静态应力变化都很重要，距离较远处动态应力变化起主要作用。峰值波速证明了动态触发闽值的存在，并约束了动态触发闽值的范围。在大多数地区，这个阈值依赖当地的条件，从零点几到几MPa变化，超过静态闽值一个量级以上。在某些地点触发过程直到动态形变平息了之后才开始。这些观测现象的物理机制可能与导致液化和循环疲劳的机理相似。     

地震孕育在地倾斜和流体动力学观测系列中的表现

1　ВведениеВсвязистем,чтоРеспубликаУзбекистанрасположенанасейсмоактивнойтерриторииЗападногоТянь- Шанябольшуюважностьимеютвопросысейсмическогорайонированияипрогнозированияместа,силыивременисильныхземлетрясений. СэтойцельювИнститутесейсмологииАНТУзБылпрове…     

日本东北宫城北部1962年M6．5地震孕震区的电磁不均匀性

为了研究日本东北部官城县境内1962年官城北部M6．5地震的孕震区大地电阻率结构，我们进行了大地电磁测量。二维反演表明，在该地区的地壳上部存在一个深的导电层，其上覆盖有高电阻带。该高电阻带之上还被认出有一个正航磁异常存在，人们把它解释为一个北上山地地下深成花岗岩岩体。通过与地震活动性进行比较我们发现，微震只发生在深导电层上方和高阻带里，并且几个S波反射体正好位于深导电区上方。由于S波反射体表明其下有流体存在，深导电层可以被解释为是一个充满流体的区带。而且我们认为，流体从导电性的充满流体的区带向高阻的深成花岗岩岩体的渗流可成为一种触发地震。     

Spatial distribution and ecotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments from the Galicia continental shelf (NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill

The distribution of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in surface sediments collected at 36 stations along the Galicia continental shelf (NW Spain), following the Prestige oil spill. Sampling was performed in December 2002, just after the accident, and in February and September 2003. Concentrations of PAHs (summation operator 13 parent components) were in the range of 0.9-422 microg/kgdw, the highest values being close to coastal urban areas (e.g. Pontevedra and A Coru?a), whereas in the stations of the area most heavily impacted by the spill (off Costa da Morte) concentrations were in the range of 14.8-89.6 microg/kgdw, with a certain predominance of alkylated compounds, which may suggest a mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. The detailed study of petrogenic molecular markers (e.g. steranes and triterpanes) showed the occurrence of an old (weathered) petrogenic chronic pollution in the shelf sediments but not of the Prestige oil, with the possible exception of few stations in the area of Costa da Morte. This was attributed to the heavy nature of the spilled oil that was barely dispersed in the water column and mainly stranded on the coast or sedimented in the form of oil patches. The addition of increasing amounts of fuel oil to a representative sediment sample showed that the molecular indices were indicative of the presence of the Prestige oil when the amount was above 1g/kg of sediment. The toxicity of selected samples (showing the higher PAH concentrations) was tested using the bivalve embryogenesis bioassay. Embryogenesis success reached high values in all cases (80-88%, with 86% in the control), indicating a lack of toxicity in the sediments and supporting the conclusion that the patchiness of the fuel eventually reaching the seafloor reduced its impact on the benthic communities of the Galician shelf.     

南菲(阿扎尼亚)巴伯顿绿岩带南部太古宙花岗岩层的地质和构造演化

为了确定在德兰士瓦德腊肯悬崖(2200Ma元古宙克拉通内部盖层)以东的太古宙花岗岩—绿岩区中发现的广泛岩石类型的性质和构造演化,在巴伯顿南部和西南地区进行了连续调查。在超过2500平方公里的地区进行了区域的和详细的普查,揭露有许多花岗岩类和与其共存的大量绿岩捕虏体,后者一直向南扩张到很远的南非巴伯顿绿岩带。像以前描述的,绿岩捕虏体由与翁韦瓦克特群最下部岩石组合相同的岩石类型组成,构成南非最老