Embryotoxicity of the antifouling biocide zinc pyrithione to sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and mussel (Mytilus edulis)

The effects of the new antifouling compound zinc pyrithione (Zpt) on the embryonic development of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and mussel (Mytilus edulis) were investigated in laboratory toxicity tests. The median effective concentrations (EC50) were 7.7 nM for sea urchin embryos and 8 nM for mussel embryos. Toxic effects of Zpt on the larval growth of the sea urchin were detected at 0.5 nM. Predicted environmental concentrations of Zpt in pleasure craft harbours are higher than the predicted no effect concentrations for sea urchin and mussel embryos, indicating that Zpt may pose a threat to those species from exposure in the field.     

The role of ground water in arid/semiarid ecosystems, Northwest China

Ground water plays an important role in water supply and the ecology of arid to semiarid areas such as Northwest China, where the landscape is fragile due to frequent drought in the past few decades. This paper discusses the role of ground water in these ecosystems, including the effect of condensation water and water table depth on the growth of plants and degree of soil salinity. The paper also discusses the controlling process for land desertification and soil salinization in Northwest China. Water table depth is a key factor controlling the water balance, ground water flow, and salt transport in the vadose zone. The suitable water table depth for vegetation growth, which can prevent land desertification and soil salinization, is within a range of 2 to 4 m; the optimal depth is approximately 3 m. As examples, changes in ecosystems owing to water resources development in Tarim and Manas basins, Xinjiang, China, are discussed.     

Transboundary impacts on regional ground water modeling in Texas

Recent legislation required regional grassroots water resources planning across the entire state of Texas. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), the state's primary water resource planning agency, divided the state into 16 planning regions. Each planning group developed plans to manage both ground water and surface water sources and to meet future demands of various combinations of domestic, agricultural, municipal, and industrial water consumers. This presentation describes the challenges in developing a ground water model for the Llano Estacado Regional Water Planning Group (LERWPG), whose region includes 21 counties in the Southern High Plains of Texas. While surface water is supplied to several cities in this region, the vast majority of the regional water use comes from the High Plains aquifer system, often locally referred to as the Ogallala Aquifer. Over 95% of the ground water demand is for irrigated agriculture. The LERWPG had to predict the impact of future TWDB-projected water demands, as provided by the TWDB, on the aquifer for the period 2000 to 2050. If detrimental impacts were noted, alternative management strategies must be proposed. While much effort was spent on evaluating the current status of the ground water reserves, an appropriate numerical model of the aquifer system was necessary to demonstrate future impacts of the predicted withdrawals as well as the effects of the alternative strategies. The modeling effort was completed in the summer of 2000. This presentation concentrates on the political, scientific, and nontechnical issues in this planning process that complicated the modeling effort. Uncertainties in data, most significantly in distribution and intensity of recharge and withdrawals, significantly impacted the calibration and predictive modeling efforts. Four predictive scenarios, including baseline projections, recurrence of the drought of record, precipitation enhancement, and reduced irrigation demand, were simulated to identify counties at risk of low final ground water storage volume or low levels of satisfied demand by 2050.     

利用H/V谱比法辨识场址非线性反应(英文)

The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio has become popular in studies of the site effect and the determination of the predominant period of a site.     

苏门答腊—安达曼地震的GPS分析

2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊地震是历史上破坏性最强的地震之一。此次地震的震级Mw=9．3(根据Stein和Okal以简正模式振幅修订，http：//www．earth．northwestern．edu／people／seth／research／sumatra．html)，是自1900年以来记录到的第二最大地震。它发生在苏门答腊岛北部以西100千米的近海处，     

苏门答腊Mw=9．3级地震会触发地磁急变吗？

在地球表面观测到的磁场并不具备稳态特征，而是具有非常明显的时间变化特征——从毫秒(微脉动)一直到数百万年(地磁场倒转之间的时间间隔)不等。周期为一年或一年以上的时间变化与地球的外核起源有关，而当涉及更短一些的时标时，则往往借助于一种外来成因(如太阳活动)。     

苏门答腊地震的速度和大小：现在我们对去年巨大地震的特征有了更清晰的认识

我们的地震学分析结果表明，2004年12月26日的苏门答腊一安达曼毁灭性地震比最初报告结果大2．5倍，其震级仅次于1960年智利地震。该地震沿1200km长的断层滑动缓慢释放其能量，产生的长破裂引发了随后的海啸。既然整个破裂区已经滑动，由印度板块向缅甸小板块下俯冲所积累的应变也被释放，因此在该部分板块边界上暂时没有产生类似海啸的危险，虽然南段大地震的威胁依然存在。     

加卸载响应比（LURR）、矩／能量加速释放（AM／ER）、态矢量：岩石试件破坏前兆的实验研究

为了验证大地震发生前或者非均匀脆性介质宏观破坏前加卸载响应比和能量加速释放等前兆现象，本文进行了三轴应力(压缩)条件下大尺度岩石破坏声发射实验。实验采用4组岩石试件，并且分为单调加载和循环加载两种方式。实验结果证明了脆性材料宏观破坏前加卸载响应比升高和能量加速释放这两种前兆现象。本文提出了一种描述岩石试件损伤演化的新的物理量——态矢量。     

2001年1月26日布季Mw7．6级地震的余震震源参数及构造含义

介绍并讨论了现代地震学时期发生的最大大陆板内地震的1000多次余震的空间分布。其数据是由8台便携式数字测震仪组成的台网在主震后17天开始用3周时间记录的。我们已计算了高质量的单一事件位置,所基于的是由这个地区震级为2-5 的地震确定的一维速度模型。余震定位揭示出活动集中在一个近东走向的向南倾斜的面上,呈梯形分布。活动带沿走向逐渐变短,从深度约为5 km的浅部长度约为45 km到 35 km的深度不足25 km。整个破裂区面积约为1300 km2。我们估计主震的静态应力降为16±2 MPa。余震扩展到几乎整个地壳,集中在10 km深的上地壳,和约26 km 深的下地克。断层破裂没有在地表出露,也不知道它在2001地震前是否是活断层。余震数据与布季主震一致,主震是由夭折裂谷的拉张作用形成的断层在收缩过程中的重新激活引起的。     

地球内核最上部100km的区域变化

利用距离为118°-140°的PKIKP和PKiKP波形检验了地球内核最上部 100 km的结构。在赤道地带发现的内核最上部低速层的证据主要位于西经20°至东经 140°。在纬度方向,从南纬35°印度洋下面至北纬60°亚洲的下面可以监测到这一异常。用波形模拟方法可以推断该低速层的最大厚度为40 km,此时波速突变约3％。我们认为,该层可能为新近固结的地核区域,在该区域同时存在活跃的外核成分对流和内核新晶体增长。