Petrogenetisehe Studien zum Granulitproblem an Gesteinen der Münehberger Masse

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aktinometrische Untersuchungen während des Internationalen Polarjahres 1932/1933 auf dem Jungfraujoch (3471 m)

Zusammenfassung Die Aktinometermessungen, die während des Internationalen Polarjahres 1932/33 auf dem Jungfraujoch ausgeführt wurden, werden klimatologisch ausgewertet und zur Bestimmung der Komponenten der atmosphärischen Trübung benützt. Jahres- und Tagesgang der Totalstrahlung zeigen die für diese Höhe erwarteten, sehr gleichmäßigen Werte mit einem mittleren Maximum von 1,68 cal/cm²min im Mai um 11.00 WSZ. Bezogen auf gleiche Sonnenhöhe hat der Vormittag etwas höhere Werte als der Nachmittag, das Winterhalbjahr hohe, das Sommerhalbjahr etwa 10% niedrigere Strahlungsintensitäten. Der Jahresgang der Intensität wird als Funktion der Sonnenhöhe auch für die drei Teilbereiche Violett/Blau (<0,525 ), Grün/Gelb (0,525<<0,625 ) und Rot/Ultrarot (>0,625 ) dargestellt. Die Maxima fallen bei gleicher Sonnenhöhe in allen Bereichen auf den Winter, die Minima für die Totalstrahlung auf den Juli, für Violett/Blau auf Mai/Juni, für Grün/Gelb auf Juni/Juli und für den rot/ultraroten Bereich auf den August.Sodan wird besonders die Absorption des atmosphärischen Wasserdampfgehaltes im Bereich der Rot/Ultrarotstrahlung untersucht. Aus gewissen Diskrepanzen zwischen Theorie und Beobachtung muß geschlossen werden, daß die extraterrestrische Intensität der Sonnenstrahlung in diesem Bereich >0,625 in Wirklichkeit um 11,7%, im Gesamten um etwa 7% größer sein muß, als bisher angenommen wurde.Auf dem Jungfraujoch ist der Trübungskoeffizient erwartungsgemäß sehr klein und erreicht mehrmals im Rahmen der Meßgenauigkeit den Wert 0. Der Jahresgang zeigt eine deutliche Zweiteilung mit höheren Werten von Januar bis Juni, niedrigen in der zweiten Jahreshälfte. Im Tagesgang wächst der Trübungskoeffizient bis gegen Mittag an und bleibt dann konstant. Optische Erscheinungen, wie Schneetreiben und Aureole um die Sonne, erhöhen den Trübungskoeffizienten nur wenig. Der Wasserdampfgehalt zeigt eine Schwankung, die zwischen den Extremwerten 146, zwischen den Monatsmitteln 15 und zwischen den Luftmassen 110 erreicht. Der Tagesgang an Strahlungstagen ist charakterisiert im Winter durch die fortschreitende Austrocknung absinkender Luft und im Sommer durch die Feuchtigkeits-zufuhr durch Konvektion und Austausch zwischen Gebirge und Ebene.Zum Schluß werden noch Tagesgänge monochromatischer Strahlung verschiedener Wellenlängen für die verschiedenen Jahreszeiten auf dem Jungfraujoch diskutiert. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß die Sonnenstrahlung im ultravioletten und blaugrünen Bereich infolge der Abhängigkeit von derRayleigh-Extinktion im Sommer relativ am stärksten ist, während der Ultrarotbereich wegen der Wasserdampfabsorption dann die größte Schwächung erfährt; aus der Überlagerung dieser beiden Einflüsse resultiert, zusammen mit dem Einfluß der geringen Trübung, in mittleren und großen Höhen ein sehr gleichmäßiger Jahresgang der Intensität der Totalstrahlung.

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Summary The actinometric measurements carried out at Jungfraujoch (3471 m) during the International Polar Year 1932/33 are evaluated for climatological problems and for the determination of the components of the atmospheric turbidity. The annual and diurnal variations of total radiation show the very uniform figures corresponding to this altitude, with a mean maximum of 1,68 cal/cm²min in May at 11 a. m. true solar time. In relation to the same solar altitude the radiation is a little more intensive in the morning than in the afternoon, and in summer 10% lower than in winter. The annual variation of the intensity is represented as function of the sun's altitude also for the three spectral parts violet/blue (<0,525 ), green/yellow (0,525<<0,625 ), and red/infra-red (>0,625 ). At same sun's altitude the maxima occur in all these spectral regions in winter, the minima for total radiation in July, for violet/blue in May/June, for green-yellow in June/July, and for red/infra-red in August.Especially the absorption of water vapour content in the region of the red/infra-red radiation is investigated. It must be concluded from some divergences between theory and observations that the extra-terrestrial intensity of solar radiation in reality is greater in this spectral part >0,625 by 11,7% and in the total by some 7% than was supposed until now.As is to be expected the coefficient of turbitity is very small at Jungfraujoch, and it attains sometimes 0, within the accuracy of the measurements. The annual variation is distinctly separated in two halfs with higher values from January to June, low values in the second half of the year. In the diurnal variation the coefficient of turbidity is increasing until noon and then remains constant. The coefficient of turbidity is increased but slightly by optical phenomena such as drifting snow and aureoles around the sun. The variation of water vapour content is of 146 in the extreme values, of 15 in the monthly means, and of 110 between the different air-masses. The diurnal variation of radiation on fine days is characterized by the continuous desiccation by subsidence in winter, and by advection of humidity by convection and exchange between mountains and lowland in the summer.Finally the authors discuss the diurnal variations of monochromatic radiation of different wave lengths for the seasons at Jungfraujoch. It turns out that sun radiation in the regions ultra-violet and blue/green, which is dependent in the first place from theRayleigh extinction, has its relative maximum in summer, whilst the infra-red then has its greatest extinction due to water vapour absorption. The very uniform annual variation of the intensity of the total solar radiation in moderate and high altitudes is the result of the superposition of these two influences, together with the influence of small turbidity.

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Résumé La présente étude concerne les mesures actinométriques faites au Jungfraujoch (3471 m) pendant l'Année polaire internationale 1932/33; on en calcule les moyennes climatologiques et on les utilise pour déterminer les composantes du trouble atmosphérique. Les variations annuelle et diurne du rayonnement solaire présentent, comme on pouvait s'y attendre, des valeurs très uniformes avec un maximum moyen de 1,68 cal/cm²min en mai à 11.00 h. (temps local vrai). A hauteur solaire égale, les valeurs sont un peu plus fortes le matin que l'aprés-midi; l'hiver présente de fortes intensités et l'été des valeurs plus faibles de 10%. On donne aussi la variation annuelle de l'intensité en fonction de la hauteur solaire pour les trois domaines: violet/bleu (<0,525 ), vert/jaune (0,525<<0,625 ) et rouge/infra-rouge (>0,625 ); dans ces trois domaines les maxima tombent, à hauteur solaire égale, sur l'hiver; les minima se produisent pour le rayonnement solaire total en juillet, pour le violet/bleu en mai/juin, pour le vert/jaune en juin/juillet, et pour le rouge/infra-rouge en août.On étudie ensuite l'absorption par la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique dans le domaine du rouge/infra-rouge. Certains écarts constatés avec les valeurs théoriques conduisent à supposer que l'intensité du rayonnement solaire extra-terrestre dans le domaine >0,625 est en réalité de 11,7% et dans l'ensemble de 7% environ plus forte qu'on ne l'admettait jusqu'ici.Au Jungfraujoch le coefficient de trouble est très petit et s'annulle parfois, dans les limites de l'exactitude des mesures. La variation annuelle présente nettement des valeurs plus élevées de janvier à juin et plus basses de juillet à décembre. Dans la variation diurne, le coefficient de trouble croît jusqu'à midi et reste ensuite constant. Des phénomènes optiques tels que le chasseneige et l'auréole autour du soleil n'augmentent que peu le coefficient de trouble. La teneur en vapeur d'eau présente une variation atteignant 146 entre les valeurs extrêmes, 15 entre les moyennes mensuelles, et 110 entre les différentes masses d'air. La marche diurne des jours sereins est caractérisée en hiver par la dessication croissante par subsidence et en été par l'accroissement d'humidité résultant de la convection et de l'échange d'air entre la plaine et la montagne.On discute enfin la variation diurne du rayonnement monochromatique de différentes longueurs d'onde et par saisons au Jungfraujoch. Il apparaît que le rayonnement solaire ultra-violet et bleu/vert est relativement le plus fort en été parce qu'il dépend surtout de l'extinction deRayleigh, tandis que le domaine de l'infra-rouge accuse alors la plus grande diminution à cause de l'absorption par la vapeur d'eau; de la superposition de ces deux effets, combinée avec l'effet de la faiblesse du trouble atmosphérique résulte une marche annuelle très uniforme de l'intensité totale du rayonnement solaire aux altitudes moyennes et élevées.

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Mit 11 Textabbildungen.     

Fluid circulation in a complex volcano-tectonic setting,inferred from self-potential and soil CO2 flux surveys: The Santa María–Cerro Quemado–Zunil volcanoes and Xela caldera (Northwestern Guatemala)

The region encompassing Santa María, Cerro Quemado, and Zunil volcanoes, close to Quetzaltenango, the second largest city of Guatemala, is volcanically and tectonically complex. In addition, the huge Xela caldera, about 20 km in diameter, crosses this area and links up to the important Zunil fault zone located between the three volcanoes. Two highly active geothermal sites, named Zunil-I and Zunil-II, are also located between these three volcanic edifices at the southeastern boundary of Xela caldera. In order to determine the permeability variations and the main structural discontinuities within this complex volcano-tectonic setting, self-potential and soil CO₂ flux measurements have been coupled, with a step of 20 m, along a 16.880 km-long profile crossing the entire area. Two shallow hydrothermal systems, with maximum lateral extensions of 1.5 km in diameter, are indicated by positive self-potential/elevation gradients below Santa María and Cerro Quemado volcanoes. Such small hydrothermal systems cannot explain the intense geothermal manifestations at Zunil-I and Zunil-II. Another minor hydrothermal system is indicated by self-potential measurements on the flank of Santa María along the edge of the Xela caldera. CO₂ flux measurements display slight variations inside the caldera and decreasing values crossing outside the caldera boundary. We hypothesize the presence of a magmatic body, inside the southeastern border of Xela caldera, to explain the deeper and more intense hydrothermal system manifested by the Zunil-I and the Zunil-II geothermal fields. This magmatic system may be independent from Santa María and Cerro Quemado volcanoes. Alternatively, the hypothesized Xela magmatic system could have a common magmatic origin with the Cerro Quemado dome complex, consistent with previous findings on regional gas emissions. Sectors bordering the Cerro Quemado dome complex also have high amplitude minima-short wavelength anomalies in self-potential, interpreted as preferential rain water infiltration along faults of major permeability, probably related with the most recent stages of Cerro Quemado dome growth.     

A REVIEW OF THE PALEO-HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LAKE NAM CO,SOUTH-CENTRAL TIBET

The endorheic Lake Nam Co,south Eastern Tibetan Plateau,was selected to investigate the interrelation between drainage basin processes,especially post-glacial glacier decay,and lake level fluctuations.Landforms of the drainage basin are highly influenced by tectonics,superimposed by fluvial and periglacial processes,and locally by glacial and eolian processes.Thus,geomorphological features and hydrological characteristics were compiled for the lake-basin to provide an overview of the landscape character.Data show that during the Last Glacial Maximum melt water from the mountains accumulated fluvial deposits in the foreland.Concurrently,an increase of the lake level occurred which is presently shown by a cliff line all around Nam Co with its base approximately 29m above the present lake level.The Holocene decrease of the lake level is traced by beach ridges.As Nam Co is an endorheic lake post-glacial water loss has to be primarily explained by evaporation and moisture conditions.However,more detailed conclusions on quantitative and chronological patterns of both factors,melt-water input and evaporation output,still remain to be drawn.     

Evidence for weak magnetic fields in early-type emission stars

We report the results of our study of magnetic fields in a sample of 15 Be stars using spectropolarimetric data obtained at the European Southern Observatory with the multi-mode instrument FORS 1 installed at the 8m Kueyen telescope. We detect weak photospheric magnetic fields in four stars, HD56014, HD148184, HD155806, and HD181615. We note that for HD181615 the evolutionary status is not obvious due to the fact that it is a binary system currently observed in the initial rapid phase of mass exchange between the two components. Further, we notify the possible presence of distinct circular polarisation features in the circumstellar components of Ca II H&K in three stars, HD58011, HD117357, and HD181615, hinting at a probable presence of magnetic fields in the circumstellar mass loss disks of these stars. We emphasize the need for future spectropolarimetric observations of Be stars with detected magnetic fields to study the temporal evolution of their magnetic fields and the correlation of magnetic field properties with dynamical phenomena taking place in the gaseous circumstellar disks of these stars. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Groundwater components in the alluvial aquifer of the alpine Rhone River valley, Bois de Finges area, Wallis Canton, Switzerland

Source, type, and quantity of various components of groundwater, as well as their spatial and temporal variations were determined by different hydrochemical methods in the alluvial aquifer of the upper Rhone River valley, Bois de Finges, Wallis Canton, Switzerland. The methods used are hydrochemical modeling, stable-isotope analysis, and chemical analysis of surface water and groundwater. Sampling during high- and low-water periods determined the spatial distribution of the water chemistry, whereas monthly sampling over three years provided a basis for understanding seasonal variability. The physico-chemical parameters of the groundwater have spatial and seasonal variations. The groundwater chemical composition of the Rhone alluvial aquifer indicates a mixing of weakly mineralized Rhone River water and SO₄-rich water entering from the south side of the valley. Temporal changes in groundwater chemistry and in groundwater levels reflect the seasonal variations of the different contributors to groundwater recharge. The Rhone River recharges the alluvial aquifer only during the summer high-water period. Electronic Publication     

Late Cretaceous (Late Turonian,Coniacian and Santonian) petroleum source rocks as part of an OAE,Tarfaya Basin,Morocco

Late Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian source rock samples from a recently drilled well (Tafaya Sondage No. 2; 2010) in the Tarfaya Basin were analyzed for quantity, quality, maturity and depositional environment of the organic matter (OM). To our knowledge such a thick sequence of organic matter-rich Turonian to Santonian source rocks was investigated in that great detail for the first time. Organic geochemical and organic petrological investigations were carried out on a large sample set from the 200 m thick sequence. In total 195 core samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (C_org), total inorganic carbon contents and total sulfur (TS) contents. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements were performed on 28 samples chosen on the basis of their C_org content. Non-aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed on selected samples by way of gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The organic matter-rich carbonates revealed a high source rock potential, representing type I kerogen and a good preservation of the organic matter, which is mainly of marine (phytoplankton) origin. HI values are high (400–900 mg/g C_org) and in a similar range as those described for more recent upwelling sediments along the continental slope of North Africa. TS/C_org ratios as well as pristane over phytane ratios indicate variable oxygen content during sediment deposition. All samples are clearly immature with respect to petroleum generation which is supported by maturity parameters such as vitrinite reflectance (0.3–0.4%), T_max values (401–423 °C), production indices (S₁/(S₁ + S₂) > 0.1) as well as maturity parameters based on ratios of specific steranes and hopanes.     

Impact of Monthly Radioxenon Source Time-Resolution on Atmospheric Concentration Predictions

The general characterisation of the global radioxenon background is of interest for the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Since the major background sources are only a few isotope production facilities, their source term has an emphasized influence on the worldwide monitoring process of radioxenon. In this work, two different datasets of source terms are applied through atmospheric transport modelling, to estimate the concentration at two radioxenon detection stations in Germany and Sweden. One dataset relies on estimated average annual emissions; the other includes monthly resolved measurements from an isotope production facility in Fleurus, Belgium. The quality of the estimations is then validated by comparing them to the radioxenon concentrations that have been sampled at two monitoring stations over the course of 1 year.     

Extending Service Life of Household Water Filters by Mixing Metallic Iron with Sand

The use of metallic iron filters (Fe⁰ filters) has been discussed as a promising low‐cost option for safe drinking water production at household level. Filter clogging due to the volumetric expansive nature of iron corrosion has been identified as the major problem of Fe⁰ filters. Mixing Fe⁰ and sand (yielding Fe⁰/sand filters) has been proposed as a tool to extent filter service life. However, no systematic discussion rationalizing Fe⁰/sand mixtures is yet available. This communication theoretically discussed suitable Fe⁰/sand proportions for efficient filters. Results suggested that Fe⁰/sand filters should not contain more that 50 vol% Fe⁰ (25 wt% when Fe⁰ is mixed with quartz). The actual Fe⁰ percentage in a filter will depend on its intrinsic reactivity.     

First Results of DSD Measurement by Videodistrometer in the Czech Republic in 1998-1999

The first results of the almost one year drop size distribution (DSD) measurement in the Czech Republic are summarised in this study. The ESA-ESTEC 2D videodistrometer was used to measure the rain drop parameters. The average DSD is shown to be of the gamma type. One minute DSDs were evaluated to test the accuracy of analytical DSD models. Parameters of gamma distribution and exponential distribution functions were evaluated for the whole data set as well as for the various rain rate intervals. Regression technique and the method of moments were applied to estimate the parameters of DSD. It is shown that the parameter value strongly depends on the method of computation as well as on the rain type. Its average value is about 0.59 for the average (smooth) one minute DSD while an average value of un-smoothed DSD is 11.0 (moment method) or 5.4 (regression technique). The Joss's shape parameter and the Tokay-Short's parameter CS estimating roughly the rain type are also discussed (if CS>1, the event should be convective). The tendency of increasing numerical value of the CS parameter with the increasing rain rate was observed (the DSDs were distributed into classes respecting the rain rate value) and thus the idea of the convectivity occurrence bounded with the higher CS parameter value was supported. The study also compares the parameters of the average DSD with the averages of parameter values of all 4 183 one minute DSDs.