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621.
N. I. Novitskaya 《Geography and Natural Resources》2013,34(1):41-48
Presented are the results from investigating the cenotic structure, structural-dynamical characteristics and spatial differentiation in vegetation of taiga geosystems in the south of the Lena-Katanga plateau of the interfluves between the Lower Tunguska and Nepa rivers. The 1:75 000 map for the present status of vegetation in the key area has been compiled. 相似文献
622.
J. A. Ruiz‐Arias D. Pozo‐Vázquez H. Alsamamra 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):1049-1076
Daily solar radiation estimates of four up‐to‐date solar radiation models (Solar Analyst, r.sun, SRAD and Solei‐32), based on a digital elevation model (DEM), have been evaluated and compared in a Mediterranean environment characterized by a complex topography. The models' estimates were evaluated against 40 days of radiometric data collected in 14 stations. Analyzed sky conditions ranged from completely overcast conditions to clear skies. Additionally, the role of the spatial resolution of the DEM has been evaluated through the use of two different resolutions: 20 and 100 m. Results showed that, under clear‐sky conditions, the daily solar radiation variability in the study area may be reasonably estimated with mean bias errors under 10% and root mean square error values of around 15%. On the other hand, results proved that the reliability of the estimates substantially decreases under overcast conditions for some of the solar radiation models. Regarding the role of the DEM spatial resolution, results suggested that the reliability of the estimates for complex topography areas under clear‐sky conditions improves using a higher spatial resolution. 相似文献
623.
A. Geddes D.A. Elston M.E.A. Hodgson R. V. Birnie 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):785-803
Handling of uncertainty in the estimation of values from source areas to target areas poses a challenge in areal interpolation research. Stochastic model-based methods offer a basis for incorporating such uncertainty, but to date they have not been widely adopted by the GIS community. In this article, we propose one use of such methods based in the problem of interpolating count data from a source set of zones (parishes) to a more widely used target zone geography (postcode sectors). The model developed also uses ancillary statistical count data for a third set of areas nested within both source and target zones. The interpolation procedure was implemented within a Bayesian statistical framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, enabling us to take account of all sources of uncertainty included in the model. Distributions of estimated values at the target zone level are presented using both summary statistics and as individual realisations selected to illustrate the degree of uncertainty in the interpolation results. We aim to describe the use of such stochastic approaches in an accessible way and to highlight the need for quantifying estimation uncertainty arising in areal interpolation, especially given the implications arising when interpolated values are used in subsequent analyses of relationships. 相似文献
624.
Devleena Mani T. Satish Kumar M. A. Rasheed D. J. Patil A. M. Dayal T. Gnaneshwar Rao V. Balaram 《Natural Resources Research》2011,20(1):75-88
The association of iodine with organic matter in sedimentary basins is well documented. High iodine concentration in soils
overlying oil and gas fields and areas with hydrocarbon microseepage has been observed and used as a geochemical exploratory
tool for hydrocarbons in a few studies. In this study, we measure iodine concentration in soil samples collected from parts
of Deccan Syneclise in the west central India to investigate its potential application as a geochemical indicator for hydrocarbons.
The Deccan Syneclise consists of rifted depositional sites with Gondwana–Mesozoic sediments up to 3.5 km concealed under the
Deccan Traps and is considered prospective for hydrocarbons. The concentration of iodine in soil samples is determined using
ICP-MS and the values range between 1.1 and 19.3 ppm. High iodine values are characteristic of the northern part of the sampled
region. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil samples range between 0.1 and 1.3%. The TOC correlates poorly with
the soil iodine (r
2 < 1), indicating a lack of association of iodine with the surficial organic matter and the possibility of interaction between
the seeping hydrocarbons and soil iodine. Further, the distribution pattern of iodine compares well with two surface geochemical
indicators: the adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons (methane through butane) and the propane-oxidizing bacterial populations
in the soil. The integration of geochemical observations show the occurrence of elevated values in the northern part of the
study area, which is also coincident with the presence of exposed dyke swarms that probably serve as conduits for hydrocarbon
microseepage. The corroboration of iodine with existing geological, geophysical, and geochemical data suggests its efficacy
as one of the potential tool in surface geochemical exploration of hydrocarbons. Our study supports Deccan Syneclise to be
promising in terms of its hydrocarbon prospects. 相似文献
625.
We provide a rationale for the technique of revaluating the natural-resource potential which is built upon the natural crop
yield of Ukrainian lands obtained, with the observance of rotation cropping and by implementing the complex of mechanical
tillage operations without fertilizer application. An assessment is made of Ukraine’s natural-resource potential within the
context of three physical-geographical countries, four zones, three subzones, and 14 krais. 相似文献
626.
S. Fracchia L. KrapovickasA. Aranda-Rickert V.S. Valentinuzzi 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(11):1016-1023
In arid and semi-arid environments, root-associated fungi may play a key role in plant communities (e.g., seedling establishment, nutrient acquisition, plant survival and heat tolerance). Several studies have shown the importance of small mammals as consumers and dispersal agents of mycorrhizal fungi spores in tropical and temperate ecosystems. However, little is known about the dispersal of infective propagules of endophytic fungi in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This study analyzed the potential role of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys cf. knighti as a dispersal agent of root-associated fungi. In order to demonstrate this role, we analyzed: (1) the incidence of colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes on representative plant species of the Monte Desert; (2) the presence of fungal structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes in C. cf. knighti fecal samples; and (3) the infectivity of the fungal propagules contained in the scat and their growth effects on nine native plant species. Data strongly suggest that this South American subterranean rodent may play a key role as a dispersal agent of arbuscular mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes fungi in the arid environment of the northern Monte Desert of Argentina. 相似文献
627.
Andy Breckenridge Thomas V. Lowell Timothy G. Fisher Shiyong Yu 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(3):313-326
The evolution of the early Great Lakes was driven by changing ice sheet geometry, meltwater influx, variable climate, and
isostatic rebound. Unfortunately none of these factors are fully understood. Sediment cores from Fenton Lake and other sites
in the Lake Superior basin have been used to document constantly falling water levels in glacial Lake Minong between 9,000
and 10,600 cal (8.1–9.5 ka) BP. Over three meters of previously unrecovered sediment from Fenton Lake detail a more complex
lake level history than formerly realized, and consists of an early regression, transgression, and final regression. The initial
regression is documented by a transition from gray, clayey silt to black sapropelic silt. The transgression is recorded by
an abrupt return to gray sand and silt, and dates between 9,000 and 9,500 cal (8.1–8.6 ka) BP. The transgression could be
the result of increased discharge from Lake Agassiz overflow or the Laurentide Ice Sheet, and hydraulic damming at the Lake
Minong outlet. Alternatively ice advance in northern Ontario may have blocked an unrecognized low level northern outlet to
glacial Lake Ojibway, which switched Lake Minong overflow back to the Lake Huron basin and raised lake levels. Multiple sites
in the Lake Huron and Michigan basins suggest increased meltwater discharges occurred around the time of the transgression
in Lake Minong, suggesting a possible linkage. The final regression in Fenton Lake is documented by a return to black sapropelic
silt, which coincides with varve cessation in the Superior basin when Lake Agassiz overflow and glacial meltwater was diverted
to glacial Lake Ojibway in northern Ontario. 相似文献
628.
Adrian M. Shrader Joel S. Brown Graham I.H. Kerley Burt P. Kotler 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1811-1819
One factor that influences foraging is predation risk. As a result, herbivores may not use landscapes uniformly due to spatial differences in perceived predation risk. Wild herbivores forage across these ‘landscapes of fear’; however, the extent to which domestic herbivores consider them is generally unknown. Using a grid of artificial food patches and measuring giving up densities (GUDs), we mapped landscapes of fear of free-ranging domestic goats on three substrates. In the first experiment, we related GUDs to landscape variables. Goats preferred feeding in open ground with firm substrate compared to a sandy riverbed or a rocky hillside. We suggest that differences relate to escape potential and the occurrence of ambush sites. Landscape variables that influenced feeding effort were patch visibility and plants next to a patch. In a second experiment, we increased predation risk by adding predator dung and urine into the habitats. In response, feeding effort declined across all three habitats. Furthermore, goats only responded to patch visibility and not plants next to the patches. Better sightlines increase predator detection and allow individuals to see group members. Our results indicate that predation risk influences the extent to which free-ranging domestic herbivores utilise landscapes. 相似文献
629.
Hyung Rae Kim Ralph R. B. von Frese Patrick T. Taylor Alexander V. Golynsky Luis R. Gaya-Piqué Fausto Ferraccioli 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):119-126
The Antarctic magnetic anomaly map compiled marine and airborne surveys collected south of 60°S through 1999 and used Magsat data to help fill in the regional gaps between the surveys. Ørsted and CHAMP satellite magnetic observations with greatly improved measurement accuracies and temporal and spatial coverage of the Antarctic, have now supplanted the Magsat data. We combined the new satellite observations with the near-surface survey data for an improved magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic lithosphere. Specifically, we separated the crustal from the core and external field components in the satellite data using crustal thickness variations estimated from the terrain and the satellite-derived free-air gravity observations. Regional gaps in the near-surface surveys were then filled with predictions from crustal magnetization models that jointly satisfied the near-surface and satellite crustal anomalies. Comparisons in some of the regional gaps that also considered newly acquired aeromagnetic data demonstrated the enhanced anomaly estimation capabilities of the predictions over those from conventional minimum curvature and spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models. We also noted that the growing number of regional and world magnetic survey compilations involve coverage gaps where these procedures can contribute effective near-surface crustal anomaly estimates. 相似文献
630.
K. W. Keatings I. Hawkes J. A. Holmes R. J. Flower M. J. Leng R. H. Abu-Zied A. R. Lord 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(2):261-283
The utility of ostracod-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction was evaluated using instrumental data for Lake Qarun, Egypt.
The euryhaline ostracod Cyprideis torosa was the only species found in the lake’s recent sediment record. This species is known to tolerate salinity levels and water
solute compositions that may prevent colonisation by other species. Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of ostracod carbonate
from lake sediments covary with changes in instrumental values for lake level and salinity for the period 1890–1974. δ13C-values correlate negatively with lake water salinity (r
2 = 0.87) and δ18O-values correlate negatively with measured lake level changes (r
2 = 0.41). Other ostracod proxy data provide qualitative information on lake level trends. Fossil assemblage data (juvenile/adult
and valve/carapace ratios and valve preservation) provide information on wave energy. Ecophenotypic variation of C. torosa valves provided some useful palaeolimnological information. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in ostracods were not found to reflect
water composition, due to the uncoupling of these ratios with salinity in Lake Qarun. Overall, our results highlight the need
to calibrate ostracod proxy data in modern systems prior to their use for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. 相似文献