Vertical seismic absorber utilizing inertance and negative stiffness implemented with gas springs

A novel implementation of negative stiffness elements(NSEs) is proposed, utilizing industrial grade nitrogen gas springs as pre-stressed stiffness elements in a configuration with lever arms. This NSE is combined with an inerter to form a stiff dynamic absorber(SDA) for vertical seismic protection of structures with base isolation. The SDA is optimized to minimize vertical accelerations while ensuring static structural integrity, excellent damping performance and containment of relative displace...     

大功率低频可控震源在主动源地震学中的应用

过去的20年里,俄罗斯在主动源地震学中一直使用大功率(40吨和10吨)低频可控震源。这种震源可产生频带为1.5～3Hz,3～6Hz,5～10Hz,出力高达100吨的可控震源。该震源的可移动类型出力为40吨,频带宽度为6～12Hz。100吨级可控震源激发地震波的传播距离可达到350km,折射波向下可穿透达50km深度。震源运行过程具有高度可重复性,其产生的信号频谱有"夏季"与"冬季"两种不同模式。在长地震剖面上可以通过地震频谱的变化来估计断层带的埋深,其他的应用主要有深地震剖面、地震危险性区划、结构检测、各向异性导致的应力变化研究、地震事件定位、大型建筑的完整性检测。附录中给出了大功率低频可控震源的理论描述和数值实例。     

基于序列的地震危险性概率分析

地震通常在时空上是丛集的。传统的地震危险性分析所考虑的只是每个地震丛集中最大震级的事件——主震,并用所考虑场地地震动强度量值的超越率来表示（Cornell,1968）。这种地震危险性概率分析（PSHA）用于长期的结构设计或评估。近来,出于对短期风险的管理,已采用一种类似的方法来进行余震地震危险性概率分析（APSHA）,其与主震的发生相关（Yeoand Cornell,2009）。地震危险性概率分析通常用一种均匀泊松过程来描述事件的发生,而余震地震危险性概率分析则通过有条件的非均匀泊松过程来模拟余震的发生,其概率值取决于触发余震序列的主震震级。另外,由主震和后续余震组成的每个地震丛集,可以看成以相同主震概率发生的单一事件。这就可以用相对简单的方式在危险性分析中考虑余震,这个方法首先由Toro和Silva（2001）论证,并由Boyd（2012）进一步研究。实际上,这篇短文中心探讨概率方面,说明地震危险性概率分析和余震地震危险性概率分析的联合结果以得到一种考虑主震一余震序列的地震危险性整体解析解的可行性,而前面提到的研究中这些仍然缺乏。这种方法应用的结果,说明有助于依据导致超越某一加速度阈值同时也考虑余震的地震事件发生率（如对于结构设计）,初步评估地震危险性的增加。因而这从地震工程长远来看是切合实际的方向。     

日本超低频地磁场测量及关于1998年Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu地震的近期研究成果

过去对Spitak,Loma Prieta和Guam地震的研究表明,大地震发生之前都会有相应的磁场异常。为了确认这一事实并详细研究超低频（ULF）现象,日本建立了一个超低频磁力仪的监测网络,开展了包括小型台阵在内的网络观测工作。文中同时介绍了在Matsukawa台站观测到的与Iwateken Nairiku Hokubu地震（震级M6．1级,发生在1998年9月3日,震源深度为10km）相关的地磁资料。分析了4．5年的资料,并对获得的结果进行了讨论。在地震前两个星期,水平和垂直分量之间的谱密度比的（极化）变化表现出异常情况。这是在相当长的数据分析中发现的一次独特的变化,它暗示了这种异常变化可能是大地震孕育期间的一个信号。     

铀的微生物Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642成矿作用:模拟实验及其意义

在我国首次报道用硫酸盐还原菌 Desulf ovibriodesulfuricans DSM 6 4 2 ,模拟我国层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿形成的主要物理化学条件 (35℃ ,p H=7.0～ 7.4 ) ,实验还原U( )和合成沥青铀矿。结果表明 ,实验经一周后 ,微生物成因沥青铀矿即生成于该菌胞表面。由此推断 ,在侏罗系砂岩中广泛繁衍的这种硫酸盐还原菌 ,可能参与了该类铀矿床的成矿作用。同时发现 ,由该实验菌实验还原生成的沥青铀矿 ,与在天然地质条件下生成的该铀矿物 ,其晶体结构的有序—无序性质存在重大差异 :在天然条件下藉长期和缓慢地沉淀、生长形成的沥青铀矿 ,其中纳米级…     

CO_2 Density-Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application

Abstract: The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size (< 5–10 μm) or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density–Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density–Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly-developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density (D in g/cm3) and the separations (Δ in cm?1) between the two main bands (i.e. Fermi diad bands) in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation: D (g/cm3)=0.74203(?0.019Δ3+5.90332Δ2?610.79472Δ+21050.30165)?3.54278 (r2=0.99920). Our calculated D value for a given Δ is between those obtained from two previously-reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.     

广西百朗地下河水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

为了解典型岩溶地区广西乐业百朗地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征,采集地下河不同断面的水和沉积物样品,利用气相色谱仪测定了19种有机氯农药。结果表明:(1)百朗地下河表层水中19种有机氯农药总量(∑OCPs)浓度为1.95～71.45ng/L,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为未检出至58.40ng/L和未检出至0.44ng/L;(2)沉积物中∑OCPs浓度为0.75～14.85ng/g,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为0.11～3.52ng/g和0.03～2.90ng/g;(3)地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与吸附作用、环境温度以及和地下河连通的天坑的底部的土壤侵蚀有关,即因温差作用,大气沉降的有机氯农药易富集在天坑底部(“冷陷阱效应”),并在土壤侵蚀作用下向水体移动,使地下河沉积物中有机氯农药浓度升高;(4)百朗地下河出口沉积物吸附系数最低,但水中有机氯农药浓度较高且种类最多,推测可能是地下河沉积物中因有机氯农药被释放而引起二次污染;(5)表层沉积物中大多数断面的异狄氏剂浓度及乐业县城附近断面的DDTs和DDD浓度在风险评估低值与风险评估中值之间,表明百朗地下河处于较低的生态风险水平;(6)目前,流域部分断面尚有新的γ-HCH(林丹)和DDTs农药输入。由于有机氯农药长期累积,可能对地下河生态系统造成危害,应采取防治措施。      

Soil bentonite wall protects foundation from thrust faulting: analyses and experiment

When seismic thrust faults emerge on the ground surface,they are particularly damaging to buildings,bridges and lifelines that lie on the rupture path.To protect a structure founded on a rigid raft,a thick diaphragm-type soil bentonite wall(SBW) is installed in front of and near the foundation,at sufficient depth to intercept the propagating fault rupture.Extensive numerical analyses,verified against reduced–scale(1 g) split box physical model tests,reveal that such a wall,thanks to its high deformability and low shear resistance,"absorbs" the compressive thrust of the fault and forces the rupture to deviate upwards along its length.As a consequence,the foundation is left essentially intact.The effectiveness of SBW is demonstrated to depend on the exact location of the emerging fault and the magnitude of the fault offset.When the latter is large,the unprotected foundation experiences intolerable rigid-body rotation even if the foundation structural distress is not substantial.     

Ice- and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.