Status of land use intensity in China and its impacts on land carrying capacity

Land use intensity quantifies the impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems, which have become the major driver of global environmental change, and thus it serves as an essential measurement for assessing land use sustainability. To date, land-change studies have mainly focused on changes in land cover and their effects on ecological processes, whereas land use intensity has not yet received the attention it deserves and for which spatially-explicit representation studies have only just begun. In this paper, according to the degree and reversibility of surface disturbance by human activities, there are four main classes of land use intensity: artificial land, semi-artificial land, semi-natural land, and natural land. These were further divided into 22 subclasses based on key indicators, such as human population density and the cropping intensity. Land use intensity map of China at a 1-km spatial resolution was obtained based on satellite images and statistical data. The area proportions of artificial land, semi-artificial land, semi-natural land, and natural land were 0.71%, 19.36%, 58.93%, and 21%, respectively. Human and economic carrying capacity increased with the increase of land use intensity. Artificial land supports 24.58% and 35.62% of the total population and GDP, using only 0.71% of the total land, while semi-artificial land supported 58.24% and 49.61% of human population and GDP with 19.36% of China’s total land area.     

Spatio-temporal Patterns of Vegetation Change in Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), as a key indicator of vegetation growth, effectively provides information regarding vegetation growth status. Based on the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) NDVI time series data for Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015, we analyzed the spatial pattern and changes in the vegetation growth trend. Results indicated that the three main types of vegetation in Kazakhstan are cropland, grassland and shrubland, and these are distributed from north to south. While the regional distribution pattern is obvious, the vegetation index decreased from north to south. The average NDVI values of the three main vegetation types are in the order of cropland > grassland > shrubland. During the period from 1982 to 2015, the NDVI initially increased (1982-1992), then decreased (1993-2007), and then increased again (2008-2015). The areas where NDVI decreased significantly accounted for 24.0% of the total land area. These areas with vegetation degradation are mainly distributed in the northwest junction between cropland and grassland, and in the cropland along the southern border. The proportions of total grassland, cropland and shrubland areas that were degraded are 23.5%, 48.4% and 13.7%, respectively. Areas with improved vegetation, accounting for 11.8% of the total land area, were mainly distributed in the mid-east cropland area, and the junction between cropland and grassland in the mid-east region.     

太行山地形在“7·19”华北持续性低涡暴雨中的作用北大核心

本文对2016年“7·19”华北特大暴雨进行观测分析和数值模拟,并设置了改变地形高度的敏感性试验,以探究该过程降水系统的发生发展机制以及太行山地形的作用。结果表明:(1)本次强降水过程发生在“东高西低”的有利环流形势下,受太行山地形和平原环流系统影响,低层东风急流造成强的对流性降水和低涡作用的叠置造成“7·19”华北地区持续性暴雨的维持和加强;(2)第一阶段为对流性降水,太行山东麓大气对流不稳定能量释放,大气逐渐转为稳定层结;第二阶段为低涡降水,涡度收支分析表明水平散度项和扭转项对低涡维持和发展起到了主要的正贡献,同时伴随有较强的上升运动和垂直风切变,垂直风切变的增强促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转变;(3)太行山地形在持续性暴雨中对两阶段降水、低涡和水汽的作用存在差异。地形高度敏感性试验中,地形高度增高对低层气流的阻挡和强迫抬升作用增强,使得地形降水增强,低涡路径东移,且强度增大。水平散度项使得对流层低层辐合上升运动增强,造成涡度的垂直输送,这是低涡发展和维持的重要原因之一。太行山地形阻挡截留东部平原水汽,且水汽回流加强,有利于太行山东麓水汽的输送与辐合。     

黑龙江双阳河流域土壤-作物-人体系统中硒元素及生态环境与人体健康评价

【研究目的】典型黑土地分布区土壤硒自然禀赋、成因来源、生态环境效应及人体健康评价为健康地质研究焦点，开展双阳河流域土壤-作物-人体系统中硒迁移与累积的定量研究，对黑土地富硒农产品开发和地方病防治具有重要意义。【研究方法】测定成土母质、土壤、大气降尘、灌溉水、作物籽实和人发等多介质硒含量，运用GIS、SPSS软件对测试结果统计分析及评价。【研究结果】划定富硒土地46.4 km²，主要沿双阳河及其支流分布；硒以人为成因为主，主要来源于大气降尘补充，输入通量为0.21~1.47 kg/km² · a。土壤、大豆、水稻、玉米和人发硒含量均值为0.305 mg/kg、0.0352 mg/kg、0.0287 mg/kg、0.0198 mg/kg和0.145 mg/kg；作物对土壤硒的富集系数（0.120）远小于1，人发对作物硒的富集系数（4.834）大于1，揭示人发对硒具有较强的浓缩和放大作用，硒在土壤-作物-人体系统中的迁移与积累呈“V”字型模式。【结论】土壤硒含量整体为足硒或富硒，无硒潜在环境风险。大豆、水稻富硒占比为28.4%、9.4%，未发现硒超标情况，无生物硒中毒风险。人发硒含量明显低于参考值0.20~0.60 mg/kg，人体处于缺硒状态，随年龄增长呈递减趋势，可能存在一定的健康风险，应引起地方相关部门关注。创新点：基于系统的生态地球化学数据，运用统计分析学原理，开展典型黑土区土壤-作物-人体系统中硒迁移与积累研究，为富硒农产品开发和地方病防治提供科学依据。     

遥感技术在云南建水地区1∶5万区域地质调查中的应用

通过龙朋等6幅1∶5万区域地质调查,对云南建水地区进行遥感地质解译和蚀变信息提取。在充分收集数据资料、了解掌握该区地质背景的基础上,利用Landsat ETM+和2.5 m高分辨率ALOS遥感数据,进行各种图像增强处理。结合地质资料,建立解译标志,对研究区的岩性地层、断裂、线性构造进行解译。分析典型蚀变矿物的波谱特征,利用ETM+遥感数据提取与矿化紧密相关的蚀变异常信息,将提取的线性构造和蚀变异常信息与研究区地质、矿产资料结合,对遥感异常区进行初步评价,明确找矿方向,为研究区后续找矿工作提供参考。     

陆相断陷盆地陡坡带早期大型斜向扇三角洲的发现及其勘探潜力

现今我国东部断陷盆地油气勘探已达到较高的程度,目的 层系逐渐向深部转移,是东部断陷盆地下一步主要勘探方向之一.断陷湖盆陡坡带早期发育短轴物源形成的垂直于边界断层的近岸水下扇、扇三角洲和湖底扇,但对于陡坡带其他方向的沉积相类型及其勘探潜力研究较少.本文依据断陷湖盆沉积学原理,采用地震地层学方法,对我国东部典型断陷湖盆陡坡...