Four Chinese Sulfide Mineral Reference Materials: Preparation and Certification

Four sulfide mineral reference materials, pyrite GSM-1, chalcopyrite GSM-2, galena GSM-3 and sphalerite GSM-4, have been prepared by the Institute of Rock and Mineral Analysis for collaborrative studies on their chemical composition. This paper describes the sample collection, preparation, homogeneity testing and interlaboratory certification of these samples. Some features with regard to the purification, pulverisation, stability and storage of sample are also discussed. The samples have been approved as certified reference materials by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision of China in April 1995.     

The African Climate as Predicted by the IAP Grid-Point Nine-Layer Atmospheric General Circulation Model (IAP-9L-AGCM)

ＴｈｅＡｆｒｉｃａｎＣｌｉｍａｔｅａｓＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＩＡＰＧｒｉｄ－ＰｏｉｎｔＮｉｎｅ－ＬａｙｅｒＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＧｅｎｅｒａｌＣｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌ（ＩＡＰ－９Ｌ－ＡＧＣＭ）ＣｈｉｎｅｋｅＴｈｅｏＣｈｉｄｉｅｚｉｅ①，...     

The Interannual Variability and Predictability in a Global Climate Model

ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒａｎｎｕａｌＶａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＰｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎａＧｌｏｂａｌＣｌｉｍａｔｅＭｏｄｅｌ①ＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎ（王会军），ＸｕｅＦｅｎｇ（薛峰）ａｎｄＢｉＸｕｎｑｉａｎｇ（毕训强）ＬＡＳＧ，Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...     

The effect of heating anomaly on the Asian circulation—A GCM experiment

A numerical experiment was done by using the IAP 9-Level AGCM to study the effects of radiation anomaly over East Asia on the Asian general circulation. The results show that the changes of Asian summer general circula-tion are remarkable in the Indian and China southwest monsoon, precipitation in India and the Yellow River and Huaihe River valley in China and area around the north Japan, the easterly anomaly of low-level zonal wind in the tropical Pacific and so on.     

A Note on Some Methods Suitable for Verifying and Correcting the Prediction of Climatic Anomaly

The weighted correlation coefficient of the predicted and observed anomalies and the ratio of the weighted norm of predicted anomaly to the observed one, both together, are suggested to be suitable for the estimating of the correctness of climate prediction. The former shows the similarity of the two patterns, and the later indicates the correctness of the predicted intensity of the anomaly. The weighting function can be different for different emphasis, for example, a constant weight means that the correlation coefficient is the conventional one, but same non-uniform weight leads to the ratio of correct sign of the anomaly, the stepwise weight leads lo the formulation of correctness of prediction represented by grades of the anomaly, and so on.Three methods for making correction to the prediction are given in this paper. After subtracting lie mean error of the prediction, one method is developed for maximizing the similarity between the predicted and observed patterns, based on the transformation of the spatial coordinates. Another method is to minimize the mean difference between the two fields. This method can also be simplified as similar to the “optimum interpolation” in the objective analysis of weather chart. The third method is based on the expansion of the anomaly into series or EOF, where the coefficients are the predicted but the EOFs are taken as the “observed” calculated from historical samples.     

冻土区甲烷排放研究进展

冻土区土牡表面和活动层土的ＣＨ_４排放和吸收表现出强烈的时空变化性。根据多年冻土中ＣＨ_４含量的模拟结果表明，全球尺度上，平均每米厚度多年冻土含有ＣＨ_４６５Ｔｇ。在未来的２００年间，多年冻土融化所导致的大气ＣＨ_４附加年源强变化于２～２５Ｔｇ。     

冬季太平洋海温变化对中国5月降水的影响

本文采用EOF-CCA方法研究了12-2月份北太平洋海温场与中国5月降水指数之间的相关关系。研究结果表明：12月海温与中国5月降水有较好的相关关系。赤道东太平洋和日本以东洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水正相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水负相关。相反，东北太平洋、菲律宾以东洋面和墨西哥以西洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水负相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水正相关。上述5个海区的太平洋前期海温对中国5月降水有影响的海温关键区。前期海温异常将影响到5月中高纬度的西风带波动和低纬西太平洋副热带高压的强度、位置、从而导致中国5月降水空间分布的异常。     

东亚夏季风和ENSO关系的不稳定性

通过本项研究，发现了东亚夏季风和ENSO的相互关系在长期变化中是不稳定的。不稳定指的是在一段时期两者关系比较紧密而在另一段时期两者关系比较微弱。文章揭示：在东亚季风和ENSO关系紧密时期（HCP）和关系微弱时期（LCP）夏季大气环流的年际变率有显著差别。在关系紧密时期，南热带东太平洋区的信风、热带东太平洋区的低层大气温度、两个半球的副热带高压系统等的年际变率均显著高于关系微弱时期。并且，HCP和LCP时期中国夏季降水和ENSO的关系也有明显差异。     

A Response to the Letter of Da-Lin Zhang

We appreciate many of Zhang's critical comments and constructive recommendations(Zhang 2002) for the reform of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS). An annualAAS Editorial Board meeting was held on 19 December 2001 at the Institute of AtmosphericPhysics (IAP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhang's letter (Zhang 2002) was distributed to     

色素痣三维结构的实现与研究

对临床已确诊的2例皮内痣进行连续切片，痣细胞和基底膜的表达分别采用S－100多克隆抗体和IV型胶原单克隆抗体LAB－SA免疫组化染色法。采用显微图像自动拼接技术显示皮内痣组织的全貌结构。结合三维可视化及测量系统软件，以体素重建法，结合插值拟合与光照处理技术，对手术切除的皮内痣进行三维重建，旨在真实反映基底膜和痣细胞的立体形态、空间位置和相互毗邻关系。对临床色素痣的教学和治疗提出新的方法和思路。