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91.
Hui Wang Kenneth W. Harrison 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(8):1921-1928
Bayesian analysis can yield a probabilistic contaminant source characterization conditioned on available sensor data and accounting for system stochastic processes. This paper is based on a previously proposed Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach tailored for water distribution systems and incorporating stochastic water demands. The observations can include those from fixed sensors and, the focus of this paper, mobile sensors. Decision makers, such as utility managers, need not wait until new observations are available from an existing sparse network of fixed sensors. This paper addresses a key research question: where is the best location in the network to gather additional measurements so as to maximize the reduction in the source uncertainty? Although this has been done in groundwater management, it has not been well addressed in water distribution networks. In this study, an adaptive framework is proposed to guide the strategic placement of mobile sensors to complement the fixed sensor network. MCMC is the core component of the proposed adaptive framework, while several other pieces are indispensable: Bayesian preposterior analysis, value of information criterion and the search strategy for identifying an optimal location. Such a framework is demonstrated with an illustrative example, where four candidate sampling locations in the small water distribution network are investigated. Use of different value-of-information criteria reveals that while each may lead to different outcomes, they share some common characteristics. The results demonstrate the potential of Bayesian analysis and the MCMC method for contaminant event management. 相似文献
92.
93.
It is becoming easier to combine geographical data and dynamic models to provide information for problem solving and geographical cognition. However, the scale dependencies of the data, model, and process can confuse the results. This study extends traditional scale research in static geographical patterns to dynamic processes and focuses on the combined scale effect of multiscale geographical data and dynamic models. The capacity for topographical expression under the combined scale effect was investigated by taking multiscale topographical data and meteorological processes in Hong Kong as a case study. A meteorological simulation of the combined scale effect was evaluated against data from Hong Kong Observatory stations. The experiments showed that (1) a digital elevation model (DEM) using 3 arc sec data with a 1 km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model gives better topographical expression and meteorological reproduction in Hong Kong; (2) a fine-scale model is sensitive to the resolution of the DEM data, whereas a coarse-scale model is less sensitive to it; (3) better topographical expression alone does not improve weather process simulation; and (4) uncertainty arising from a scale mismatch between the DEM data and the dynamic model may account for 38 % of the variance in certain meteorological variables (e.g., temperature). This case study gives a clear explanation of the significance and implementation of scale matching for multiscale geographical data and dynamic models. 相似文献
94.
Hong-dao Wang 《GeoJournal》1985,10(2):151-155
This paper mainly deals with water resources of China's lakes. Lakes in China are mainly scattered over five drainage basins, with a total area of 73,580 km2 and a storage capacity of 746,000 million m3, in which the fresh water amounts to 221,000 million m3. The water resources of lakes are not evenly distributed in the regions. Their variations within a year and between years are great. So attention should be paid to the rational utilization of water resources and the problems in mangement need careful and skilful handling. 相似文献
95.
中国地震局地球物理研究所参加第七届ASC学术大会团组全体成员 《国际地震动态》2008,(12)
由亚洲地震委员会和日本地震学会联合主办,日本多个学术机构参与协办的第七届亚洲地震委员会学术大会暨日本地震学会秋季会议于2008年11月24--28日在日本筑波(Tsukuba)举行. 相似文献
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98.
The colours and chemical composition variations of 160 spinels in peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China and their petrogeneses have been studied in detail. The relationships between major elements of spinels are discussed. The equilibrium temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacities of spinels and their coexisting olivines, orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes have been determined using the Brey-kohler' s T-P calculation methods (1990) and Ballhaus' fo2 calculation method (1991). The relationships betweenthe composition and the equilibrium temperatures, pressures or oxygen fugacities of spinels in peridotite xenoliths from the basalts and the stable field of the spinels in the upper mantle have been shown. 相似文献
99.
基于MODIS-NDVI、DEM和气象数据,分析柴达木盆地2000—2015年植被覆盖度(FVC)时空变化特征,并与降水、温度、日照时数、相对湿度、蒸散量和海拔进行相关、偏相关或叠加分析,探讨FVC与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:FVC整体自东南向西北内陆呈半环状递减,FVC集中在20%以下,人类活动及径流等打破植被地带性规律;2000—2015年FVC明显改善,广泛分布于盆地中西部地区,2001—2002年年际变化最显著;FVC与降水、相对湿度以正相关为主,与温度关系不显著,与日照时数和蒸散量主要为负相关,降水对FVC贡献最大,温度通过影响蒸散量等间接影响FVC,而土壤蒸发对蒸散量的影响大于植物蒸腾;FVC与等高线空间分布较吻合,FVC在2 800~2 900 m和4 600~4 700 m出现两个峰值,4 700 m以上FVC迅速降低。 相似文献
100.