Geochemical, Sr–Nd and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic studies of Late Carboniferous magmatism in the West Junggar, Xinjiang: Implications for ridge subduction?

Voluminous granitic intrusions are distributed in the West Junggar, NW China, and they can be classified as the dioritic rocks, charnockite and alkali-feldspar granite groups. The dioritic rocks (SiO₂ = 50.4–63.8 wt.%) are calc-alkaline and Mg enriched (average MgO = 4.54 wt.%, Mg^# = 0.39–0.64), with high Sr/Y ratios (average = 21.2), weak negative Eu (average Eu/Eu = 0.80) and pronounced negative Nb–Ta anomalies. Their Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7035–0.7042, ε_Nd(t) = 4.5–7.9, ε_Hf(t) = 14.1–14.5) show a depleted mantle-like signature. These features are compatible with adakites derived from partial melting of subducted oceanic crust that interacted with mantle materials. The charnockites (SiO₂ = 60.0–65.3 wt.%) show transitional geochemical characteristics from calc-alkaline to alkaline, with weak negative Eu (average Eu/Eu = 0.75) but pronounced negative Nb–Ta anomalies. Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7037–0.7039, ε_Nd(t) = 5.2–8.0, ε_Hf(t) = 13.9–14.7) also indicate a depleted source, suggesting melts from a hot, juvenile lower crust. Alkali-feldspar granites (SiO₂ = 70.0–78.4 wt.%) are alkali and Fe-enriched, and have distinct negative Eu and Nb–Ta anomalies (average Eu/Eu = 0.26), low Sr/Y ratios (average = 2.11), and depleted Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7024–0.7045, ε_Nd(t) = 5.1–8.9, ε_Hf(t) = 13.7–14.2). These characteristics are also comparable with those of rocks derived from juvenile lower crust. Despite of the differences in petrology, geochemistry and possibly different origins, zircon ages indicate that these three groups of rocks were coevally emplaced at ~ 305 Ma.A ridge subduction model can account for the geochemical characteristics of these granitoids and coeval mafic rocks. As the “slab window” opened, upwelling asthenosphere provided enhanced heat flux and triggered voluminous magmatisms: partial melting of the subducting slab formed the dioritic rocks; partial melting of the hot juvenile lower crust produced charnockite and alkali-feldspar granite, and partial melting in the mantle wedge generated mafic rocks in the region. These results suggest that subduction was ongoing in the Late Carboniferous and, thus support that the accretion and collision in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt took place in North Xinjiang after 305 Ma, and possibly in the Permian.     

Episodic crustal growth of North China as revealed by U-Pb age and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from modern rivers

Clastic sedimentary rocks are samples of the exposed continental crust. In order to characterize the crustal growth history of North China and its possible regional variations, 479 concordant detrital zircons in three sand samples from the lower reach of the Yellow River (which drains the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, the Western Qinling Orogen, the Qilian Orogen and the North China Craton) and two sand samples from the Luan River and the Yongding River (which run entirely within the North China Craton) were measured for U-Pb age and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions by excimer laser-ablation ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS. Although regional variations exist, concordant detrital zircons from the Yellow River reveal three major age groups of 2.1-2.5 Ga, 1.6-2.0 Ga, and 150-500 Ma. Detrital zircons from the smaller Luan and Yongding Rivers show three broadly similar major age groups at 2.3-2.6 Ga, 1.6-2.0 Ga, and 140-350 Ma, but with narrower age ranges. Compared to the Luan and Yongding River zircons, the Yellow River zircons are characterized by a significant number of Neoproterozoic grains. Although Hf isotopic compositions show both juvenile crustal growth and crustal reworking for all age groups, much of the crustal growth of North China occurred in the Neoarchean and Mesoproterozoic. All three rivers are characterized by a common prominent group of Hf crust formation model ages at 2.4-2.9 Ga with a peak at 2.7-2.8 Ga. A less significant age group lies between 1.4 and 1.8 Ga for the Yellow River, and between 1.6 and 1.9 Ga for the Yongding River and Luan River. Crustal growth rates based on Hf continental crust formation model ages suggest 45% and 90% of the present crustal volume was formed by 2.5 Ga and 1.0 Ga, respectively, for the drainage area of the Yellow River. In comparison, 60% and 98% of the present crustal volume of the North China Craton was generated by 2.5 Ga and 1.0 Ga, respectively, for the Luan and Yongding Rivers. The 2.7-2.8 Ga age peak observed in all river samples agrees well with the coeval major peak for global crustal growth. However, the other suggested global peaks of crustal growth at 3.4 and 3.8 Ga are insignificant in North China. Taken together with our previous studies of the Yangtze Craton, which show insignificant crustal growth at 2.7-2.8 Ga, we suggest that these advocated worldwide crust formation peaks be re-examined and treated carefully. Our results also show that Phanerozoic zircons may have been derived from crustal sources separated from the mantle up to 2.0 Ga ago before the zircons crystallized, suggesting long-term preservation, reworking and recycling of the continental crust.     

纳米铁去除饮用水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)

在好氧水体中,As(Ⅲ)比As(Ⅴ)更易迁移,而且在水处理过程中去除效率更低。在实验室合成制得BET比表面积为49.16 m2/g,直径范围为20~40 nm的纳米铁。通过批试验考察纳米铁对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)去除能力及其反应动力学情况。结果表明,在pH为7,温度20℃时纳米铁能够快速地去除As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ),在60 m in内,0.25 g纳米铁对起始浓度为968.6μg/L As(Ⅲ)和828.9μg/L As(Ⅴ)的去除率大于99.5%。反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)比表面积速率常数kSA分别为1.30 mL/(m2.m in)和1.64 mL/(m2.m in)。由实验结果可知,具有高反应活性的纳米铁是用于含砷饮用水处理非常有效的吸附材料。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪西界分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西界,特别是其早—中侏罗世盆地西界,由于不同期次、不同性质的构造相互叠加而模糊不清,究竟是在贺兰山以西还是现在银川盆地以东的问题,至今尚无共识,极大地影响着矿产资源的评价和找矿战略的部署。本文在前人工作的基础上,通过针对性的野外工作,分析和筛分了不同时期的古构造,探讨了晚侏罗世和早—中侏罗世盆地的西界。文章认为,鄂尔多斯盆地西部巨大的近南北向挤压构造形成于晚侏罗世,而东西向的挤压构造则出现于晚三叠世。两期方向截然不同的挤压构造相互叠加,构成了鄂尔多斯盆地西部复杂的叠加构造和不规则的盆地西界。晚期挤压构造较为清晰,表现为近南北向的逆冲推覆构造带和纵贯盆地南北的“古脊梁”,使盆地西界退缩到桌子山东麓断裂、横山堡—磁窑堡断褶带以及马儿庄冲断裂和崆峒山断裂以东。早期挤压构造受后期构造的叠加改造,断断续续,时隐时现。近东西向挤压构造受古亚洲域的影响,是印支运动的产物,近南北向挤压构造转受滨太平洋域的作用,是燕山运动的表现。在古亚洲域向太平洋域转换过程中的早—中侏罗世,鄂尔多斯盆地西部出现了近东西向的拉张伸展,在盆地内部表现为近东西向隆起凹陷的古地形,使盆地西缘波状弯曲,而非平直,“银川古隆起”和“汝箕沟—鄂尔多斯盆地”两者并存,并不矛盾。早—中侏罗世盆地西界可能远至阿拉善地块。上述中生代构造又经新生代构造改造,变得更加复杂多样,甚至面目全非。如不注意构造筛分,中生代构造乃至盆地边界的研究就会被误导,从而得出错误结论。     

以克罗地亚MS6.4地震为例检验震前应力集中现象

为检验大震发生之前是否有应力集中现象,本研究以2020年克罗地亚MS6.4地震及其序列为例,采用比较地震序列的震源机制之间最小空间旋转角的方法来研究应力变化关系.最终发现,主震发生前的一段时间内,该地区发生的不同地震之间的震源机制中心解有趋近主震震源机制中心解的趋势;主震之后,余震的震源机制和主震震源机制之间的差别逐渐增大,并离散开来.此变化趋势一方面是对"应力集中和应变能释放"假说的印证,另一方面则间接说明了该地区的应力分布.由于此次大地震的发生而进行了局部调整,致使局部应力集中趋于平缓,该地区的区域构造板块或许开始进入到下一个应力积累阶段.     

玉米大豆生长中后期遥感辨识的指示性特征研究

玉米和大豆是两种主要的粮食作物,及时准确地监测两者的种植面积对于产量预测和市场价格的制定具有重要的意义。利用遥感技术探究在生长季中后期能有效区分玉米和大豆的指示性特征集,为在不同实验区进行推广应用和提前玉米和大豆种植面积信息发布的时间提供技术支撑。文章以玉米和大豆为研究对象,以黑龙江和安徽省两个典型种植区为实验区,以高分一号影像为数据源,计算多种植被指数特征和两种纹理特征,同时利用特征优选方法评价特征间的相对重要性,并结合随机森林分类算法分析特征个数对精度的影响,得到不同试验区区分两者的最佳特征子集。随后根据不同实验区最佳特征子集的共同点和差异,遴选出对玉米和大豆中后期区分的遥感指示性识别特征集,并设计实验方案验证其有效性和稳定性。实验表明：在玉米和大豆生长中后期存在具有高效辨识两者的遥感特征集,能有效和稳定地增强两者的遥感识别能力;在不同实验区,基于特征优选方法可以选择出区分玉米和大豆的最佳分类特征子集,得到两者最优的识别效果,比仅仅使用原始波段特征的分类精度提升了近10个百分点,总体分类精度能够平均达到97%,Kappa系数0.96,玉米和大豆的单类分类精度平均超过95%;在不同的种植区,利用玉米和大豆的指示性特征集可以得到几乎与优选出的最佳特征子集同样的分类精度和制图效果,且具有稳定性和有效性,较最佳特征集更具推广使用意义。指示性特征集包含6种：植被指数中的比值植被指数（RVI）,差值植被指数（DVI）,转换型植被指数（TVI）,改进型叶绿素吸收比率指数（MCARI）和灰度共生矩阵（GLCM）纹理特征中的二阶矩（the Second Moment）和熵（Entropy）。     

Development of the Automatic Seeing Monitor for the Site Testing of Dome A

The Antarctic site-testing campaigns have shown that Dome C is an excellent astronomical site on the earth, it is better than any of existing mid-latitude astronomical sites in the world, because of its cold and dry weather, low infrared background radiation, continuously observable time as long as 3–4 months, clear and highly transparent atmosphere, low wind speed, and the absence of dust and light pollution. And in the international astronomical community it is generally believed that Dome A with a higher altitude may be better than Dome C as a potential excellent astronomical site. In the past 3 years, although held by the Center for Antarctic Astronomy of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the site testing at Dome A has preliminarily con?rmed the many advantages of Dome A as an excellent astronomical site, but the data about the atmospheric seeing, which is an important parameter for assessing the site quality for optical observations, have not been obtained until now. Hence, on the basis of a commercial telescope with the diameter of 35 cm, we have made the hardware reformation and software development to have it operate as a DIMM (Differential Image Motion Monitor), which can simultaneously monitor both the seeing and isoplanatic angle at Dome A automatically. At present this instrument has been shipped to Antarctica by the “Xuelong” exploration ship, and will be installed at Dome A, and begin to work in early 2011. Before the shipment, by through the comparative measurements together with an existing seeing monitor at the Xinglong astronomical station, the software, hardware, as well as the installation and adjustment of the instrument, are further veri?ed by testing.     

The Ashima/MIT Mars GCM and argon in the martian atmosphere

We investigate the ability of modern general circulation models (GCMs) to simulate transport in the martian atmosphere using measurements of argon as a proxy for the transport processes. Argon provides the simplest measure of transport as it is a noble gas with no sinks or sources on seasonal timescales. Variations in argon result solely from ‘freeze distillation’, as the atmosphere condenses at the winter poles, and from atmospheric transport. Comparison of all previously published models when rescaled to a common definition of the argon enhancement factor (EF) suggest that models generally do a poor job in predicting the peak enhancement in southern winter over the winter pole – the time when the capability of the model transport approaches are most severely tested. Despite observed peak EF values of ～6, previously published model predictions peaked at EF values of only 2–3. We introduce a new GCM that provides a better treatment of mass conservation within the dynamical core, includes more sophisticated tracer transport approaches, and utilizes a cube–sphere grid structure thus avoiding the grid-point convergence problem at the pole that exists for most current Mars GCMs. We describe this model – the Ashima Research/Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mars General Circulation Model (Ashima/MIT Mars GCM) and use it to demonstrate the significant sensitivity of peak EF to the choices of transport approach for both tracers and heat. We obtain a peak EF of 4.75 which, while over 50% higher than any prior model, remains well short of the observed value. We show that the polar EF value in winter is primarily determined by the competition between two processes: (1) mean meridional import of lower-latitude air not enriched in argon and (2) the leakage of enriched argon out of the polar column by eddies in the lowest atmospheric levels. We suggest possibilities for improving GCM representation of the CO₂ cycle and the general circulation that may further improve the simulation of the argon cycle. We conclude that current GCMs may be insufficient for detailed simulation of transport-sensitive problems like the water cycle and potentially also the dust cycle.     

基于众源地理数据的GlobeLand30人造地表数据精度验证

GlobeLand30数据已被广泛应用于生态、环境、气候等研究领域,对其进行精度验证是保证GlobeLand30产品推广应用的首要前提.本文提出了一种基于众源地理数据的GlobeLand30人造地表精度验证方法:首先利用随机抽样的方法布设样本点,其次应用LDA(latent Dirichlet allocation)主题模型计算众源数据文档的地表覆盖主题,最后通过构建样本点与GlobeLand30数据产品之间的混淆矩阵,以实现人造地表数据的精度验证.研究区域为我国27个省级行政区,众源地理数据选用POI数据,对本文提出的方法进行了实例验证.结果表明:2000年和2010年的人造地表总体精度分别为87.63％和88.81％,这与GlobeLand30人造地表第三方评价精度86.97％相近,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海温的关系分析

应用谱分析方法，讨论了云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海表温度的关系，结果表明，云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海温在３个月，５个月及１８．４月的振动周期上有很好的耦合关系，对于１８．４个月的周期性振荡，云南省降水落后赤道西太平洋海温３个月，且降水对海温的响应是由西向东传播。