全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变及其影响因素

郑州地区地处中原腹地,是我国旱作农业起源和稻作农业早期传播的重要区域之一,在华夏文明形成与发展过程中具有非常重要的地位。然而,由于区域性系统植物考古研究较少,目前全新世中期郑州地区古代农业的时空演变过程及其影响因素仍不清晰。文章在郑州地区选择位于不同地貌部位、不同等级规模的13处裴李岗-仰韶文化遗址进行系统采样,通过植硅体分析和AMS 14C测年,揭示出郑州地区在裴李岗文化和仰韶文化中晚期均属于以黍为主的稻-旱混作的农业模式,其形成得益于全新世适宜期暖湿气候下的稻作北传。裴李岗时期,黍粟旱作分布在浅山丘陵区的黄土台塬沟谷地带,稻-旱混作仅存在于冲积平原,农业模式的选择主要受地形和水文因素影响;仰韶中晚期,粟和稻的比例显著提高,稻作不再局限于冲积平原和大型聚落,在台塬沟谷和中小聚落也有分布,标志着农耕技术的进步和作物结构的优化,这意味着农业生产开始打破自然条件限制,为郑州地区农业社会的建立和文明化进程奠定了基础。     

基于GIS模型的昆明市地下排水管线数据库设计与表达应用

城市地下排水管线信息系统在其数据库设计时必须考虑其工作运行、空间拓扑关系建立等各种因素.在综合考虑上述因素后建立的地下管线数学模型,是进行数据库设计的基础,并以此实现地下管线数据的地图表达,实现诸如连通性分析等重要GIS功能.以昆明市为例,设计出一种满足工作需要的地下排水管线GIS数据模型,以此实现数据库设计、数据表达与应用.     

竹亚科植硅体形态学研究及其生态学意义

选择我国常见的竹亚科19属64种进行系统的植硅体形态学研究,对竹亚科特有的长鞍型植硅体的长度、宽度、高度(侧面宽)和硅质颗粒数目等参数进行了测量。研究发现,合轴散生竹长鞍型植硅体个体最大(长度20.6±0.2m,宽度12.8±0.5m,高度12.4±0.1m,颗粒数2.8±0.5),单轴散生竹次之(长度18.8±0.8m,宽度11.7±0.4m,高度11.8±0.3m,颗粒数1.9±0.1),复轴混生竹再次(长度18.3±1.5m,宽度11.2±1.5m,高度11.4±1.7m,颗粒数1.8±0.4),合轴丛生竹最小(长度18.0±1.8m,宽度9.7±0.5m,侧面宽10.1±1.4m,颗粒数2.6±0.3)。经判别分析显示以长鞍型植硅体三维形态参数和硅质颗粒数目为变量可以区分竹亚科植物各生态型,并初步明确了长鞍型植硅体形态与竹亚科生态型的对应关系,探讨了其与竹亚科植物生境条件之间的对应关系,以及在竹亚科植物演化序列中的意义,为利用竹亚科长鞍型植硅体形态进行古环境分析提供了基础性资料。     

贡嘎山东坡表土植硅体组合的海拔分布及其与植被的关系

山地生态系统对气候变化的敏感性和预警作用,使其成为全球变化领域里的重要研究内容之一,但是目前能够敏感记录山地乍态系统变化的环境指标非常有限.对青藏高原东南缘的贡嘎山东坡海拔高度1200～4600m不同植被带以约50m间距采集的70个表土样品进行植硅体分析,结合PCA(Principal Component Analysis)研究结果,发现表土植硅体组合沿海拔变化明显.植硅体类型和数量变化很好地反映了垂直植被带的变化:1)低海拔山地亚热带常绿阔叶林带(1200～2200m)为阔叶木本"Y"字型-哑铃型-十字型-短鞍型植硅体组合;2)山地暖温带针阔叶混交林带(2200～3200m)为阔叶木本"Y"字型-针叶树类型-方型-扇型-长鞍型的组合;3)山地寒温带暗针叶林带(3200～3700m)为针叶树类型-帽型-齿型-尖型-针茅哑铃型组合;4)亚高山亚寒带灌丛草甸带(3700～4600m)为帽型-齿型-团块型-针茅哑铃型组合.表土植硅体组合PCA分析的第1轴得分较好地指示了植被沿海拔的分布及其与温度的关系,反映山地植被带及其对应的植硅体组合变化可能主要受控于温度的影响.研究表明,植硅体分析可以作为恢复山地古植被演替和古环境变化的重要指标.     

A 1000-yr record of environmental change in NE China indicated by diatom assemblages from maar lake Erlongwan

Past environmental changes based on diatom relative abundances have been inferred from the maar Lake Erlongwan in northeast China. The limnology of Lake Erlongwan is affected by the strongly seasonal regional climate. The composition of diatom assemblages, in turn, responds to changes in the seasonal duration of ice cover in winter, water-column turnover in spring and autumn, and thermal stratification in summer. Statistical analysis of the sedimentary diatom assemblages reveals three significant stratigraphic zones over the past 1000 yr. The highest abundance of the planktonic species Discostella species occurs between AD 1050 and 1400 and suggests an annual ice-free period of long duration and well-developed summer stratification of the water column. This planktonic diatom peak between ca. AD 1150 and 1200 suggests that this period was the warmest over the past 1000 yr. The interval between AD 1400 and 1800 is marked by a decline in planktonic diatoms and suggests shorter duration of the ice-free season, weaker water stratification and possibly generally cold conditions. After AD 1800 relative abundances of planktonic diatoms, including Puncticulata praetermissa and Asterionella formosa, increase again, which indicates lengthening of the duration of the annual ice-free period and a stronger overturn of the water column. All these data imply that the pattern of the seasons is different between the MWP and the 20th century.     

Sediment Fluxes and Varve Formation in Sihailongwan,a Maar Lake from Northeastern China

Data derived from monthly sediment traps in Sihailongwan, a maar lake in northeastern China, yielded a detailed record of seasonal sediment fluxes. Sediment fluxes correspond to seasonal climatic variations. The diatom flux shows two distinct peaks in September and November, whereas the flux of chrysophyte stomatocysts shows a maximum in May. The blooms of diatoms may be related to the subsequent deepening of the thermocline in September and lake overturn in spring and November, and influx of nutrient-rich groundwater sometime after the onset of the summer monsoon. The fluxes of organic matter and siliciclastics show a distinct seasonal pattern. They are varying between 0.03 and 0.56 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and reach a maximum in May. Quartz in the trap samples indicates that the siliciclastic matter may originate from distant aeolian sources. Sediment trap data and thin section investigations confirm the seasonality of Lake Sihailongwan sediments. Dark-colored layer, which mainly consists of valves of Cyclotella comta, might be deposited during autumn, and then is followed by a light-colored mixed layer starting with siliciclastics deposited after ice-out. The varved sediments in the U-shaped Lake Sihailongwan represent a sensitive siliciclastic and geochemical archive of paleoenvironmental variability in this data-sparse area. Detailed investigations of varved sediments should provide decadal to annual records of seasonal sediment flux and its relation to climatic parameters. Especially the diatomaceous layer is regarded to indicate summer climatic fluctuations, while the thick siliciclastic layer could be an indictor of dust events.     

过去全球变化研究中若干问题的反思

过去全球变化是ＩＧＢＰ计划的核心计划之一，科学家对过去会球变化的研究已经取得了许多意义的成果和积累了丰富的资料，对全球变化中的气候突变的必然性和偶然性，全球变化的确定性和不确定性及简单性和复杂性作一些反思，以求引起学术争鸣。     

A 1200-year proxy record of hurricanes and fires from the Gulf of Mexico coast: Testing the hypothesis of hurricane-fire interactions

We present here the first high-resolution pollen record of vegetation response to interactions of hurricane and fire disturbances over the past 1200 yr from a small lake in Alabama on the Gulf of Mexico coast. The paleotempestological record inferred from the overwash sand layers suggests that the Alabama coast was directly struck by Saffir-Simpson category 4 or 5 hurricanes twice during the last 1200 yr, around 1170 and 860 cal yr BP, suggesting an annual landfall probability of 0.17% for these intense hurricanes. The charcoal data suggest that intense fires occurred after each of these hurricanes. The pollen data suggest that populations of halophytic plants (Chenopodiaceae) and heliophytic shrubs (Myrica) expanded after the hurricane strikes, probably due to saltwater intrusion into the marshes and soil salinization caused by overwash processes. Populations of pines (Pinus sp.) decreased significantly after each intense hurricane and the ensuing intense fire, suggesting that repeated hurricane-fire interactions resulted in high tree mortality and probably impeded recruitment and recovery. Our data support the hypothesis that the likelihood and intensity of fire increased significantly after a major hurricane, producing responses by vegetation that are more complex and unpredictable than if the disturbance agents were acting singly and independently.     

Eco-environmental changes in the Chinese Loess Plateau during low-eccentricity interglacial Marine Isotope Stage 19

Eco-environmental changes during interglacials with an astronomical background similar to that of the Holocene are potentially helpful for understanding the future climatic evolution. Marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS) 19 is similar to the Holocene in astronomical background, both being characterized by a low eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. However, MIS 19 has attracted research attention only recently and therefore less is known about eco-environmental changes during this interval,especially based on terrestrial records. In the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP), the S7 paleosol can provide valuable terrestrial paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental record for MIS 19. Here, high-resolution terrestrial snail records from the L8–L7 strata of the Huining, Xifeng and Luochuan sequences in the CLP were analyzed in order to characterize spatio-temporal changes in climate and eco-environment during MIS 20–18. The results show that in all three sections the late part of MIS 20 was dominated by abundant cold-aridiphilous mollusc species, indicating that cold and dry climatic conditions prevailed across the entire CLP,under the strong influence of the winter monsoon. The mollusc fauna of MIS 19 were dominated by warmth-loving and thermohumidiphilous species that enable the definition of two climatic stages. The early part of MIS 19(～790–778 ka) was marked by warm and humid conditions, as evidenced by high abundances of warmth-loving and thermo-humidiphilous species. This interval was slightly warmer than today and it lasted for ～12 kyr. The climate of the later part of MIS 19(～778–761 ka) was more moderate, and increased proportions of cold-aridiphilous and warmth-loving species were recorded. The warmth of this period was similar to that of today, but the climatic fluctuations were stronger. During the early part of MIS 18(～761–745 ka), the Xifeng and Luochuan sections in the eastern CLP still maintained high abundances of warmth-loving and thermo-humidiphilous species, indicating that the moderate climatic conditions during late MIS 19 continued during early MIS 18, lasting for another～15 kyr, and that the influence of the summer monsoon remained strong in the eastern CLP during early MIS 18. However, in the western CLP, cold-aridiphilous species in the Huining section became dominant during early MIS 18, reflecting the prevalence of a cold and dry glacial climate, with the strong influence of the winter monsoon. These findings indicate that a steeper climatic gradient and a pronounced regional environmental difference existed between the eastern and western CLP during the early part of MIS 18. Comparison of our mollusc results with the variation of Earth orbital parameters suggested that climate changes in the CLP during MIS 20–18 were likely controlled mainly by insolation changes forced by the configuration of Earth orbital parameters. The unique orbital configuration during the low eccentricity interglacial-to-glacial transition could have strengthened the East Asian summer monsoon which favored the amelioration of the eco-environment in the CLP, especially in the eastern CLP where the summer monsoon exerted a strong influence. Thus we speculate that, under natural climatic conditions,the climate of the CLP may remain in a warm, humid state for another 30 kyr, although climatic instability and the seasonal differences between winter and summer could strengthen.     

植物硅酸体研究在我国海洋地质学中的应用

对海岸带、浅海、半深海现代及第四纪沉积物进行的植物硅酸体研究表明,植物硅酸体可以在恢复海洋古气候、古环境的研究工作中发挥重要作用,不但可用于解决一些哑地层中的相关问题,在时间尺度上其分辨率也是较高的.