西方尺度研究进展：概念化框架、实践路径及启示

通过梳理西方尺度研究的内涵和主要内容,发现尺度主要包含尺度本体论、尺度隐喻和尺度实践3个主要要素。尺度的本体论认为尺度是静态的等级化的物质实体,尺度的隐喻体现在尺度可通过话语进行多样化的解构和表达,尺度实践表示尺度通过不同行动者间的互动进行社会建构以实现尺度的再创造。尺度的3个要素之间既有统一性又有对立性：在统一性上,尺度本体论为尺度隐喻与尺度实践的实现创造了前提,尺度隐喻及尺度实践发展了尺度本体论;在对立性上,尺度本体论是实在论立场,尺度隐喻和尺度实践是建构论的产物。西方尺度研究主要经历了2个典型的阶段：将尺度物化为固定的空间实体;不同行动主体运用尺度进行社会实践或话语表达。这启示中国化的尺度研究需要将两者结合起来,既要承认物质空间实体的作用,也要接受行动者的能动性,将尺度看作是人、物相互作用的关系网络。文章展示了尺度概念化框架并实现了尺度的应用路径归纳,具体体现在尺度化、尺度解构及尺度政治3个方面。同时提出将资源配置效果纳入到尺度实践的分析要素之中以实现尺度的政治经济,这不仅扩充了尺度的理论内涵,还增加了尺度的实践应用效果和范围。     

Characterization of contemporary aeolian dust deposition on mountain glaciers of western China

From 2008 to 2010,a total of 15 snow pit samples were collected from 13 mountain glaciers in western China.In this study these samples are used to determine the spatial distribution of insoluble particle concentrations and dust deposition fluxes in western China.The results show that the mass concentrations of insoluble particles exhibit high spatial variation and strongly decrease(by a factor of approximately 50) from the north(Tienshan Mountains) to the south(Himalayas).However,the insoluble particles concentrations at the southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP) sites are also high and approximately 30 times greater than those in the Himalayas.The spatial distribution of the dust flux is similar to that of the mass concentrations;however,the high dust deposition rate in the southeastern TP is very significant as a result of the extensive snow accumulation(precipitation) in this region.The average sizes of the insoluble particles at each site generally exhibit bimodal distributions with peaks at approximately 5 μm and 10 μm,which can be explained as resulting from dust emissions from regional and local sources,respectively.The enrichment factors for most of the elements measured in insoluble particles are less than 10 at all of the study sites,indicating primarily crustal sources.However,the sites located in the peripheral mountains of western China,such as the Tienshan Mountains and the Himalayas,are characterized by high levels of certain enrichment elements(e.g.,Cu,Zn,Cr,and V) indicative of sources related to the long-range transport of pollutants.     

机会公平视角下绍兴城市公园绿地可达性评价

以绍兴古城及周边地区为研究区域,利用居住建筑的空间分布来测算评价区域内常住人口空间分布;继而利用GIS工具来测量公园绿地服务范围,并统计出市民可享用公园绿地的选择机会的空间分布情况,从而在精细尺度上基于空间公平视角实现对公园绿地的可达性测量。研究表明,公园绿地服务范围内部存在着不公平现象,进而提出了相应的公园绿地布局优化策略。     

中国低碳城市评价与空间格局分析

城市是人类生产和消费活动最为集中的区域,带来了大量的能源消耗和碳排放,低碳城市受到国内外学者广泛探讨。本文从低碳开发、低碳经济、低碳环境、城市规模与能源消耗5个方面22个指标构建了低碳城市评价体系,引入遥感影像中的DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据集与PM2.5浓度反演影像;利用因子分析、聚类分析及空间相关性分析,将2006年及2010年284个地级及以上城市按照低碳水平分为低碳、相对低碳、相对高碳、高碳四类城市;根据驱动力分为环境主导型、居民主导型、城镇化主导型及产业主导型四种城市类型;空间上识别出京津冀、长三角、山东省及珠三角地区具有低碳城市发展集聚效应;低碳城市发展水平受城市行政等级、产业转型等因素影响。     

赤水林区旱季雾水对地表径流的水量贡献

为探明赤水林区旱季地表径流补给来源组成以及雾水对该地区的水量贡献,于2014年12月对区域内水量大、易进入的3条瀑布径流进行了采样,样品包括雾水、泉水和溪水。通过对水样进行D、18O同位素分析,并与遵义的降水同位素数据对比,发现赤水林区旱季雾水的D、18O明显比降水富集;泉水和溪水具有相似的氢氧同位素组成,都落在11月与12月的降水同位素之间,且都分布于遵义地区降水线附近。赤水林区旱季地表径流主要受地下水补给,地下水是前期间断性的降水与持续不断的雾水的混合。雾水间接补给地表径流,是旱季地表径流重要的水量来源。在四洞沟、十丈洞和燕子岩这几个区域的平均补给量达到了24.1%(D同位素的计算结果),18O同位素的计算结果为20.0%。     

Change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> (Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets

The present study was conducted to determine the change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Four experimental diets were tested, in which Sargassum thunbergii was proportionally replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal. The growth performance, body composition and intestinal digestive enzyme activities in A. japonicus fed these 4 diets were examined. Results showed that the sea cucumber exhibited the maximum growth rate when 20% of S. thunbergii in the diet was replaced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal, while 40% of S. thunbergii in the diet can be replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal without adversely affecting growth performance of A. japonicus. The activities of intestinal trypsin and amylase in A. japonicus can be significantly altered by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Trypsin activity in the intestine of A. japonicus significantly increased in the treatment groups compared to the control, suggesting that the supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might increase the intestinal trypsin activity of A. japonicus. However, amylase activity in the intestine of A. japonicus remarkably decreased with the increasing replacement level of S. thunbergii by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal, suggesting that supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might decrease the intestinal amylase activity of A. japonicus.     

Last 150-year variability in Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) abundance based on the anaerobic sediments of the Yellow Sea Basin in the western North Pacific

Relatively short historical catch records show that anchovy populations have exhibited large variability over multi-decadal timescales. In order to understand the driving factors (anthropogenic and/or natural) of such variability, it is essential to develop long-term time series of the population prior to the occurrence of notable anthropogenic impact. Well-preserved fish scales in the sediments are regarded as useful indicators reflecting the fluctuations of fish populations over the last centuries. This study aims to validate the anchovy scale deposition rate as a proxy of local anchovy biomass in the Yellow Sea adjoining the western North Pacific. Our reconstructed results indicated that over the last 150 years, the population size of anchovy in the Yellow Sea has exhibited great fluctuations with periodicity of around 50 years, and the pattern of current recovery and collapse is similar to that of historical records. The pattern of large-scale population synchrony with remote ocean basins provides further evidence proving that fish population dynamics are strongly affected by global and basin-scale oceanic/climatic variability.     

Optimal spatial allocation of irrigation water under uncertainty using the bilayer nested optimisation algorithm and geospatial technology

The optimal spatial allocation of irrigation water under uncertainty has become a serious concern because of irrigation water shortage and uncertain factors that affect irrigation water allocation. In this study, an optimal multi-objective model for irrigation water allocation under uncertainty is developed to maximise the economic benefit of crops and minimise the operation cost and water deficit of crop irrigation. The original and optimal plantation structure, irrigation mode and soil water content are acquired through geospatial technology. A bilayer nested optimisation (BLNO) algorithm is designed to produce multiple individuals of design vectors using an ant colony neural network algorithm for an outer optimisation. Meanwhile, a continuous adaptive ant colony (CAAC) algorithm is used for inner optimisation to calculate the interval values of the uncertain model. The crop distribution and irrigation mode are obtained to parameterise the planting area and the water demand of each crop and each block in the multi-objective model. This model is then solved and analysed. Compared to the optimal schemes obtained from an inexact two-stage fuzzy-stochastic programming and the CAAC, respectively, BLNO can effectively and efficiently solve the optimal spatial allocation of irrigation water under uncertainty. This method can spatially maximise the economic benefit of crops and minimise the operation cost and water deficit of crop irrigation using lower and upper bound maps whilst visually obtaining the exact crop type, reasonable irrigation method and precise water demand for each block and for the entire irrigated area.     

河流相油气储层的井震结合相控随机建模约束方法

河流相油气储层的研究传统上多是只依据井点资料,先在井上进行沉积相的划分,而后进行剖面相的分析,最后再结合平面沉积参数等值线图编制平面相图,这样往往会造成"见砂画河,吾跟勘探走"的局面,这种平面相图在井间可能存在着较大的误差。然而,平面相图的正确与否直接影响着储层建模中相控的结果。为此作者提出了一种井震结合进行沉积相图编制的新方法,即"以河找砂,指导勘探行"的思路,并在此基础上进行分层次地相控约束随机建模。同时提出相控建模的三个基本的约束条件,即首先要保证随机建模模型的"相序"符合地质规律;其次要保证建模实现的微相分布统计概率与单井沉积微相数据离散化至三维网格后的统计概率相一致;第三要确保三维数据中每种微相的变差函数特征与定量地质知识库一致。因而,从沉积形成与演化的成因角度来指导沉积储层随机建模过程,应用多参数协同、分层次约束的方法,以河道的平面展布和垂向演化来控制建模的结果,使其更逼近地下地质的真实。