Rheologische Gesichtspunkte bei der Verformung der Lithosphäre unter Lasten

Zusammenfassung Die Deformation der Erdoberfläche durch Auflasten ist eine Funktion der jeweiligen Last sowie der rheologisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der Lithosphäre und des oberen Mantels der Erde.Erklärungsversuche beobachteter Deformationen als Folge von Lasten auf der Grundlage linearer rheologischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten führen im allgemeinen zu unzureichenden Resultaten. Hinzu kommen theoretische und experimentelle Resultate über das nichtlineare Materialverhalten von Gesteinen.Daher werden numerische Modellrechnungen in Ansatz gebracht, um entsprechende rheologische, strukturelle und kinematische Größen in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Diese Berechnungen erbringen deutliche Hinweise, daß der nichtlineare Theologische Ansatz sehr viel weitreichendere Erklärungen der Beobachtungen zuläßt.

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The deformation of the earth's surface in response to loads is a function of the corresponding loads as well as the rheological constitution of the lithosphere and the upper mantle.Proposed explanations of observations on the base of linear rheologies lead to unsatisfactory results. In addition theoretical and experimental considerations claim nonlinear dependence of the creep rate of rocks on the shear stress.Numerical models have been adopted to bring appropriate rheological, structural and loading conditions together. The numerical results evidently favour the nonlinear rheology statement because this assumption allows more extensive explanations of data.

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Résumé La déformation de la surface de la terre en tant que réaction due aux charges est une fonction de la charge correspondante ainsi que des propriétés rhéologico-dynamiques de la lithosphère et du manteau supérieur.Des essais d'explication de déformations sous l'effet de charge sur la base de régularités linéaires rhéologiques donnent en général des résultats non satisfaisants. A ceci s'ajoutent des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux sur le comportement non-linéaire des roches.Des calculs de modèle numériques sont adoptés pour conférer une cohésion entre les valeurs rhéologiques, structurelles et cinématique correspondantes. Ces calculs apportents des indications claires telles, que la mise en équation non-linéare rhéologique permet des explications beaucoup plus générales des observations.

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Ground-based calibration and characterization of the Fermi gamma-ray burst monitor detectors

One of the scientific objectives of NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) was designed to detect and localize bursts for the Fermi mission. By means of an array of 12 NaI(Tl) (8 keV to 1 MeV) and two BGO (0.2 to 40 MeV) scintillation detectors, GBM extends the energy range (20 MeV to > 300 GeV) of Fermi’s main instrument, the Large Area Telescope, into the traditional range of current GRB databases. The physical detector response of the GBM instrument to GRBs is determined with the help of Monte Carlo simulations, which are supported and verified by on-ground individual detector calibration measurements. We present the principal instrument properties, which have been determined as a function of energy and angle, including the channel-energy relation, the energy resolution, the effective area and the spatial homogeneity.     

Integrated geophysical and geological methods to investigate the inner and outer structures of the Quaternary Mýtina maar (W-Bohemia,Czech Republic)

The Mýtina maar is the first known Quaternary maar in the Bohemian Massif. Based on the results of Mrlina et al. (J Volcanol Geother Res 182:97–112, 2009), a multiparametric geophysical (electrical resistivity tomography, gravimetry, magnetometry, seismics) and geological/petrochemical research study had been carried out. The interpretation of the data has provided new information about the inner structure of the volcanic complex: (1) specification of the depth of post-volcanic sedimentary fill (up to ~100 m) and (2) magnetic and resistivity signs of one (or two) hidden volcanic structures interpreted as intrusions or remains of a scoria cone. The findings at the outer structure of the maar incorporate the (1) evidence of circular fracture zones outside the maar, (2) detection and distribution of volcanic ejecta and tephra-fall deposits at the surface, and (3) indications from electrical resistivity tomography and gravity data in the area between the Mýtina maar and ?elezná h?rka scoria cone, interpreted as a palaeovalley, filled by volcaniclastic rocks, and aligned along the strike line (NW–SE) of the Tachov fault zone. These findings are valuable contributions to extend the knowledge about structure of maar volcanoes in general. Because of ongoing active magmatic processes in the north-east part of the Cheb Basin (ca. 15–30 km north of the investigation area), the Mýtina maar-diatreme volcano and surroundings is a suitable key area for research directed to reconstruction of the palaeovolcanic evolution and assessment of possible future hazard potential in the Bohemian Massif.     

Ambient Noise Analysis of Deep-Ocean Measurements in the Northeast Pacific

During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the U.S. Navy conducted a series of ocean acoustic measurement exercises to support development of systems and techniques to detect nuclear submarines. The exercises and most of the technical documentation were classified. In 2003, a project was sponsored by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR, Arlington, VA) to declassify documentation and demonstrate the capability to recover acoustic data recorded on magnetic tape. One of the exercises, known as CHURCH OPAL, was selected for demonstration of acoustic data recovery. The record on magnetic tape spanned a period of ten days in September 1975 from a vertical assembly of hydrophones at a site midway between Hawaii and California. This paper presents selected excerpts from a key report (Wittenborn, 1976) on ambient noise that previously was unpublished and unavailable for general distribution. The earlier work is augmented with more complete and detailed analyses of the recovered digital data using modern analytical techniques. Data acquired from the hydrophones below critical depth enabled isolation of ambient noise due to distant shipping and local wind. The frequency band of the acoustic analyses was 30-500 Hz. The wind component of the ambient noise was evaluated at frequencies lower than reported by Wenz (1962).     

Detrital,metamorphic and metasomatic tourmaline in high-pressure metasediments from Syros (Greece): intra-grain boron isotope patterns determined by secondary-ion mass spectrometry

The boron isotopic composition of zoned tourmaline in two metasediments from the island of Syros, determined by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), reflects the sedimentary and metamorphic record of the rocks. Tourmaline from a silicate-bearing marble contains small (≤20 μm) detrital cores with highly variable δ ¹¹B values (−10.7 to +3.6‰), pointing to a heterogeneous protolith derived from multiple sources. The sedimentary B isotopic record survived the entire metamorphic cycle with peak temperatures of ∼500°C. Prograde to peak metamorphic rims are homogeneous and similar among all analysed grains (δ ¹¹B ≈ +0.9‰). The varying δ ¹¹B values of detrital cores in the siliceous marble demonstrate that in situ B isotope analysis of tourmaline by SIMS is a potentially powerful tool for provenance studies not only in sediments but also in metasediments. A meta-tuffitic blueschist bears abundant tourmaline with dravitic cores of detrital or authigenic origin (δ ¹¹B ≈ −3.3‰), and prograde to peak metamorphic overgrowth zones (−1.6‰). Fe-rich rims, formed during influx of B-bearing fluids under retrograde conditions, show strongly increasing δ ¹¹B values (up to +7.7‰) towards the margins of the grains. The δ ¹¹B values of metamorphic tourmaline from Syros, formed in mixed terrigenous–marine sediments, reflect the B signal blended from these two different sources, and was probably not altered by dehydration during subduction.