《工程测量学》双语教学的实践与评估

介绍工程测量学双语教学的具体实践过程,对工程测量学双语教学模式及教学效果进行了问卷调查、评估与分析,提出工程测量学双语教学存在的问题和应采取的改进措施。     

提高斜拉索索力估算精度的方法

振动法是测量实际索力的首选方法,但其测试精度会受到外界环境因素如温度、风和桥面对拉索作用等的影响。本文围绕如何将外界环境因素的影响降至最小,从测量时机的选取、数据处理方法的选择等方面,综合运用随机振动、风工程、非线性和误差分析理论,提出了提高拉索索力估算精度的实用改进方法,得出了一些有意义的结论。并通过哈尔滨松花江斜拉桥实例进行验证对比,结果表明,该方法具有较高的精度。     

地理信息系统在中国粮食总产空间变化研究中的应用

本文针对前人研究粮食生产系统空间变化的不足,选择１９８５与１９９４两个年份的分县粮食生产统计数据为依据,运用地理信息系统（ＣＡＳ／ＧＩＳ）做为分析手段,从空间变化特征,变化成因及变化趋势３个方面,着重对１９８４年以来的我国粮食总产的空间变化进行了定量研究。结果表明：在过去十年里,我国粮食增产量主要来自北方,南方粮食产量地位明显下降;今后,南方粮食减产区将会进一步扩大,北方将成为我国粮食生产发展的重     

Variations in the environmental characteristics of groundwater slightly contaminated with petroleum: effects of enhanced bioremediation in northeast China

The objective of this paper was to investigate a petroleum-contaminated groundwater site in northeast China. Based on the monitoring and analysis of environmental characteristics of groundwater slightly contaminated with petroleum, microbes were added into the petroleum-contaminated groundwater via single-well and multiple-well models to enhance bioremediation. The effect of enhanced bioremediation was monitored and analyzed, and variations in the environmental characteristics of groundwater containing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were identified to provide a scientific basis for controlling and remediating petroleum-contaminated groundwater. Findings confirmed that this site was slightly contaminated and TPH levels exhibited a slight decreasing trend. After enhanced remediation, the microbial degradation effect was large, and the TPH concentration significantly reduced. In particular, near the wells treated by bioremediation, the amounts of electron acceptors, such as NO₃ ^?, Fe³⁺, and SO₄ ^2?, markedly decreased. The product of the microbial degradation process, HCO₃ ^?, gradually increased in the treated wells. Activities of the enzyme catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase decreased, while those of catalase increased. Reductions in pH, from 7.4 to 6.1, were recorded, and the groundwater environment became further deoxidized.     

两种尺寸蒸渗计测量实际蒸散差异性试验研究

利用试验资料,对蒸散面积2 m²和4 m²两种尺寸蒸渗计测量蒸散量的差异及原因进行了研究。结果表明：2 m²蒸渗计与4 m²蒸渗计所测蒸散量具有很好的一致性,但2 m²蒸渗计所测蒸散量总体要略偏大,日蒸散量平均偏大4%,月蒸散量平均偏大10%,年蒸散量相对偏大5%;典型天气条件下,2 m²蒸渗计和4 m²蒸渗计所测蒸散量的日变化过程基本相同,小时蒸散量的差异表现为晴天时白天显著偏大、夜晚略有偏小,阴天时白天略偏大、夜晚较接近,雨天时白天、夜晚均非常接近的特征。晴天和阴天时,2 m²蒸渗计比4 m²蒸渗计测量日蒸散量分别偏大1.78 mm和0.12 mm,雨天时偏小0.11 mm;2 m²蒸渗计比4 m²蒸渗计测量蒸散量总体偏大的原因,主要是2 m²蒸渗计土壤温度显著高于4 m²蒸渗计和建造时间不同导致土体内部土壤湿度产生差异。     

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Remediation of soil co-contaminated with pyrene and cadmium by growing maize (Zea mays L.)

Sites co-contaminated with organic and metal pollutants are common and considered to be a more complex problem as the two components often causes a synergistic effect on cytotoxicity. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a cost-effective technology for treating heavy metal or organic contamination and may be suitable for remediation of co-contaminated soil. This study investigated the concurrent removal of pyrene and cadmium in co-contaminated soil by growing maize in a pot experiment. At the end of 60 day culture, pyrene in spiked soil diminished significantly, accounting for 21–31 % of the initial extractable concentration in unplanted soil and 12–27 % in planted soil. With the increment of cadmium level, the residual pyrene both in unplanted and planted soil tended to increase. Although the presence of cadmium increased the accumulation of pyrene in maize, plant accumulation only account for less than 0.30 % of the total amount of the dissipated pyrene in vegetated soils. It implied that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation was the predominant contribution to the plant-enhanced dissipation of pyrene in co-contaminated soil. Unlike pyrene, heavy metal cadmium cannot be degraded. It was observed that maize can concurrently removed about on the average 0.70 % of the total cadmium amount in soil by plant uptake, but cadmium phytoextraction would be inhibited under contamination of pyrene. Maize CT38 can normally grow in the co-contaminated soil with high level cadmium and pyrene and can effectively remedy the sites co-contaminated with these two types of contamination, which suggest the possibility of simultaneous phytoremediation of two different contaminant types.     

区域持续农业的景观生态研究

从提出背景,概念内涵,本质特性以及实践内容来看,持续农业具有鲜明的生态内涵,研究离不开生态学的指导;从系统主体,出发点、尺度、动态来看,区域持续农业在更大程度上属于景观生态学的研究范畴,因此 生态学可作为区域持续珠理论基础,而主观生态学应用方向的景观生态规划便可实现区域持续农业的空间途径,最后,文章以中国北方农牧过渡北山地的景观利用方向进行案例实践。     

切伦科夫线辐射的基本公式

在８０ 年代初,尤峻汉和程富华从理论上证实,当相对论电子在稠密气体中运动时,切伦科夫效应将产生宽的、轮廓明显不对称的原子或分子发射线．此后这一新的谱线发射机制被一系列实验所确证．尤峻汉等人又进一步给出了有关切伦科夫辐射的系列解析公式,但其有关谱轮廓和红移的结论只适用于极稠密的气体．由于这一线辐射机制在天体物理中的潜在重要性,在他们工作的基础上,进一步简化、推广、改进了原有的公式体系,并以天体物理学家熟悉的形式做出了更便于实际应用的表述