黔中喀斯特丘原区小河水库沉积物的 矿物磁性特征及其土壤侵蚀意义 *

对贵州中部小河水库的沉积物柱芯XS-1进行矿物磁性分析(χ_lf,ARM,IRM_20mT,SIRM 和IRM_-300mT)并计算了HIRM,χ_ARM 和χ_ARM/SIRM。主要根据沉积物的矿物磁性特征, 将这一岩芯的主要部分划分为11个小段。 通过解译这些矿物磁性参数,结合完成的¹³⁷ Cs、粒度、TOC和C/N比值分析结果,定性地推测了过去45年(1960~2005年)小河水库所在汇水流域内的土壤侵蚀变化。在此基础上,通过对各阶段平均磁性参数的主成分分析,得到各阶段土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的定量信息,并结合人类活动和降水资料初步探讨了影响土壤侵蚀的相对强度变化的主要因素。结果表明,1960~1968年、1973~1974 年和1998~2000 年是小河流域内土壤侵蚀最为严重的3个阶段。1960~1968年人类砍伐树木是造成该阶段土壤侵蚀强烈的主要原因,而1973~1974年和1998~2000年流域内土壤侵蚀强烈则是由于降水的偏多造成的。1968年以来,夏季降水是影响土壤侵蚀变化的主要因素。     

GRAPES-3Dvar雷达资料直接同化对江淮暴雨数值预报影响的分析研究

使用具备多普勒霄达资料直接同化功能的GRAPES-3Dvar同化系统,对2007年7月江淮流域连续性暴雨过程中4个个例进行了数值预报试验,结果表明多普勒径向速度以及基本反射率因子的直接同化可以有效改进中尺度降水数值预报的效果.对7月3 日雷达资料联合同化以及单独同化对分析和预报影响的进一步分析显示,联合同化能够有效改善初始分析场中的风场和湿度信息,激发模式降水,减小SPIN-UP现象,中尺度系统降水的发生发展以及强度、走势和落区的预报得到较为准确的表征,显著改善了中尺度强降水数值预报效果.径向速度的直接同化主要贡献表现在风场上,能够在初始场中增加气旋性涡旋等中小尺度风信息,改善三维风场分析.反射率直接同化的主要影响体现在湿度场上,改进了初始场中的湿度参数,对降水预报影响明显.     

近35 年青藏高原雨量和雨日的变化特征

利用青藏高原1971-2005 年49 个气象台站逐日雨量和雨日资料, 分析了青藏高原年、 季雨量和雨日变化趋势。结果表明, 近35 年西藏大部分地区年雨量、雨日呈现显著增加趋 势, 而青海省大部分地区雨量、雨日却呈减少趋势。夏半年, 高原上雨日减少, 雨量增加, 说明降水越来越集中, 降水强度在增加。冬半年, 高原上雨日、雨量均在增加。高原夏半年小雨(0.1~4.9 mm) 雨日减少, 雨量增加; 小雨(5.0~9.9 mm) 和中雨的雨日和雨量均呈增加趋 势, 大雨以上的雨日和雨量均减少。冬半年, 青藏高原小雪、中雪、大雪不同量级日数和雪 日的平均雪量均呈增加趋势; 暴雪日和雪量变化均不明显。     

Application of Radar Reflectivity Factor in Initializing Cloud-Resolving Mesoscale Model. Part Ⅰ: Retrieval of Microphysical Elements and Vertical Velocity

Assuming that cloud reaches static state in the warm microphysical processes, water vapor mixing ratio(qv), cloud water mixing ratio (qc), and vertical velocity (w) can be calculated from rain water mixing ratio (qr)- Through relation of Z-qr, qr can be retrieved by radar reflectivity factor (Z). Retrieval results indicate that the distributions of mixing ratios of vapor, cloud, rain, and vertical velocity are consistent with radar images, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of the convective cloud is presented. Treating q,v saturated at the echo area, the retrieved qr is about 0.1 g kg-1, qc is always less than 0.3 g kg-1, w is usually below 0.5 m s-1, and rain droplet terminal velocity (vr) is around 5.0 m s-1 in the place where radar reflectivity factor is about 25 dBz; in the place where echo is 45 dBz, the retrieved qr and qc are always about 3.0 g kg-1, w is greater than 5.0 m s-1, and vr is around 7.0 m s-1. In the vertical, the maximum updraft velocity is greater than 3.0 m s-1 at the height of around 5.0 kin, the maximum cloud water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 above 5 km and the maximum rain water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 below 6 kin. Due to the assumption that the cloud is in static state, there will be some errors in the retrieved variables within the clouds which axe rapidly growing or dying-out, and in such cases, more sophisticated radar data control technique will help to improve the retrieval results.     

气候变暖背景下西藏地区工程施工气象条件分析

利用降水、气温、积雪、风和相对湿度等影响工程施工建设的气象要素综合定义了工程施工气象指数,根据其对工程施工影响程度分为5级;采用1980—2013年西藏地区38个气象站资料分析了西藏地区工程施工的气候条件特征,以及气候变化背景下西藏地区工程施工气象等级变化,结果表明：气温和降水是影响西藏工程建设气象等级的主要因素,6—9月是西藏地区适宜工程建设期;适宜施工日数自东南向西北减少,适宜施工期开始日自东南向西北推进,适宜施工期结束日自西北向东南推进,海拔越低,适宜施工日数越多、适宜施工期开始越早、适宜施工期结束越晚;随着气候变暖,西藏地区适宜施工日数增加,表现为适宜施工期开始日提前和适宜施工期结束日推迟。     

近50年拉萨日照时数的变化特征

采用气候倾向率方法对拉萨1953～2005年的年、季节日照时数变化趋势分析表明,近50年来拉萨年日照时数和各季节日照时数都存在不同程度的减少趋势,年日照时数以每10年27.6h倾向率减少,且这种减少的趋势在增大,主要表现在夏、秋季。20世纪50～80年代年日照时数均为正距平,90年代以负距平为其主要的年际变化特征;90年代夏季日照明显偏少,60年代冬季日照充足。年日照时数90年代末出现异常偏少年,夏季日照时数仅在2000年出现了异常偏少现象,而冬季日照时数多异常年份,主要发生在50年代。年平均总云量减少趋势明显,低云量下降趋势显著。     

1961-2010 年西藏极端气温事件的时空变化

利用18 个气象站点1961-2010 年逐日最高、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了西藏极端气温事件的变化规律。结果表明:近50a 西藏霜冻日数和结冰日数明显减少,结冰日数减少显著的区域集中在藏北,霜冻日数则在整个区域都显著减少;生长季长度以4.71 d/10a 的速度明显延长,以拉萨、泽当最显著。极端最低气温在全区范围均呈显著升高,尤其是近30a 升幅更大,达1.06 oC/10a;最高气温的极大值在沿雅鲁藏布江一线东段和那曲地区上升较明显,而在南部边缘地区有下降的趋势。冷夜(昼) 日数普遍明显减少,减幅为9.38 d/10a (4.96 d/10a);暖夜(昼) 日数显著增加,增幅为10.99 d/10a (6.72 d/10a)。大部分极端气温指数的变化趋势与海拔高度有较高的相关性,其中极端最低气温与海拔高度呈正相关,极端最高气温、结冰日数、暖昼(夜) 日数和生长季长度呈负相关。极端最高、最低气温和气温暖指数呈逐年代增加趋势,极端气温冷指数和生长季长度表现为下降的年代际变化特征。在时间转折上,极端最低气温、冷(暖) 夜指数和生长季长度的突变点发生在20 世纪90 年代中期前,霜冻、结冰日数和冷(暖) 昼指数的突变点则推迟到21 世纪初期。多数情况下,西藏极端气温指数的变幅比全国、青藏高原及其周边地区偏大,说明西藏极端气温变化对区域增温的响应更为敏感。     

A 42-yr soil erosion record inferred from mineral magnetism of reservoir sediments in a small carbonate-rock catchment,Guizhou Plateau,southwest China

Shibanqiao Reservoir (25°56′56.5′′ N, 105°26′44.5′′ E and ∼1400 m a.s.l.), southwest Guizhou Plateau, SW China, was built in 1958. It lies in an area of sub-tropical monsoon humid climate in a carbonate-rock-dominated catchment of 6 km². Two sediment cores (24 and 23 cm long) were retrieved from the reservoir, and four soil profiles were sampled in the catchment. Mineral magnetism was measured on all sediment and soil samples. Soil and sediment magnetic measurements together with analyses of sediment ¹³⁷Cs activity, particle-size, TOC, and C/N revealed changes in soil erosion between 1960 and 2002. During some phases, erosion (probably as splashing and/or sheeting) was relatively low and tended to take place only in the topsoil as indicated by high ARM/SIRM of the sediments. During other phases, erosion (probably as rilling and/or initial gullying) was relatively intense and thus disturbed the deeper soils, as expressed by high IRM_−100mT/SIRM. Most of the changes in relative intensity of erosion can be ascribed to fluctuations in precipitation. Changes in land use/land cover or human activities may account, in part, for changes in soil erosion inferred for four more roughly identified periods.     

Radar data assimilation of the GRAPES model and experimental results in a typhoon case

Constructing β-mesoscale weather systems in initial fields remains a challenging problem in a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Without vertical velocity matching the β-mesoscale weather system, convection activities would be suppressed by downdraft and cooling caused by precipitating hydrometeors. In this study, a method, basing on the three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) assimilation technique, was developed to obtain reasonable structures of β-mesoscale weather systems by assimilating radar data in a next-generation NWP system named GRAPES (the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) of China. Single-point testing indicated that assimilating radial wind significantly improved the horizontal wind but had little effect on the vertical velocity, while assimilating the retrieved vertical velocity (taking Richardson's equation as the observational operator) can greatly improve the vertical motion. Experiments on a typhoon show that assimilation of the radial wind data can greatly improve the prediction of the typhoon track, and can ameliorate precipitation to some extent. Assimilating the retrieved vertical velocity and rainwater mixing ratio, and adjusting water vapor and cloud water mixing ratio in the initial fields simultaneously, can significantly improve the tropical cyclone rainfall forecast but has little effect on typhoon path. Joint assimilating these three kinds of radar data gets the best results. Taking into account the scale of different weather systems and representation of observational data, data quality control, error setting of background field and observation data are still requiring further in-depth study.     

IMPACTS OF DIMENSION AND SLOPE OF SUBMERGED SPUR DIKES ON LOCAL SCOUR PROCESSES - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION In alluvial streams bed scour often occurs if the sediment load is less than the transport capacity of the flow. Two types of scour are identified, namely local scour and channel bed scour. Channel bed scour can be further classified accord…