伊朗扎格罗斯造山带构造演化与成矿

扎格罗斯造山带是特提斯构造域的重要组成,其内赋存有世界级规模的金属矿产资源。本文综述了扎格罗斯造山带构造格架、物质组成、矿床分布及特征,讨论了该区构造演化与成矿。扎格罗斯造山带由南至北由扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带(ZFTB)、萨南达杰-锡尔詹岩浆变质带(SSZ)、乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带(UDMA)和伊朗中部地块四个构造单元组成。新元古代—早寒武世时,萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,受始特提斯洋盆俯冲影响,边缘发育大陆岩浆弧。晚石炭世—二叠纪萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和伊朗中部地块与冈瓦纳大陆裂解,新特提斯洋盆形成。三叠纪伊朗中部地块与北侧的欧亚大陆汇聚,古特提斯洋盆闭合。侏罗纪—白垩纪新特提斯洋盆向北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带俯冲,形成弧岩浆岩及弧后盆地,其中弧前蛇绿岩中发育铬铁矿床,弧后盆地双峰式火山岩中产有块状硫化物矿床,碳酸盐岩内发育梅迪阿巴德密西西比河谷型超大型铅锌矿床。白垩纪末—新生代初洋壳向萨南达杰-锡尔詹带仰冲,含铬铁矿的蛇绿岩就位。始新世末—渐新世新特提斯洋闭合,南侧的阿拉伯板块与北侧的萨南达杰-锡尔詹带和中伊朗地块所在的欧亚大陆碰撞,在阿拉伯板块前缘形成扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带,在欧亚大陆南缘形成乌尔米耶-达克塔尔火山岩浆带。伴随碰撞,在萨南达杰-锡尔詹带的碳酸盐岩中形成类密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床,中中新世以来扎格罗斯地区进入后碰撞阶段,在乌尔米耶-达克塔尔带内发育了包括萨尔切实梅和松贡超大型矿床在内的众多斑岩型铜矿床。     

伊朗扎格罗斯碰撞造山带马拉耶尔-伊斯法罕碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带——矿床基本特征与成因类型

伊朗马拉耶尔-伊斯法罕碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带,地处扎格罗斯碰撞造山带内陆的萨南达杰-锡尔詹中生代岩浆变质带构造转换区,带内发育丰富的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床,是伊朗境内重要的铅锌产出基地。综合分析表明,该带内的铅锌矿床形成于新生代古近纪早期,发育在阿拉伯板块-欧亚大陆板块碰撞造山阶段,其形成和区域上逆冲-走滑断层、走滑拉分盆地等压扭性构造密切相关。成矿带各矿区矿体多发育在区域逆冲断层上下盘,赋存于下白垩统碳酸盐岩内,受与逆断层相关的次级断层、岩性分界面等要素控制,总体以层控形式产出。矿种组合以Zn-Pb为主,少量矿区出现Cu。硫化物主体为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿,出现少量黄铜矿和黝铜矿,非硫化物以石英、白云石、方解石、重晶石为主。矿化以脉体充填或热液矿物交代充填为主要形式,脉状、浸染状、块状为主要矿石构造,强硅化和白云石化为主要蚀变特征。热液矿物仅发育两相盐水包裹体,成矿流体温度介于90~257℃,盐度介于0%~24%NaCl eq.,总体反映了中低温高盐度盆地卤水来源和另一种具中低温中低盐度特征的流体来源。不同矿区硫同位素组合差异较大,其中IranKuh矿区硫化物硫同位素为负值,介于-10‰~-3‰,重晶石硫同位素为正值,介于14‰~19‰,Emarat矿区硫化物硫同位素为正值,介于2‰~15‰,总体反映了生物还原或有机质热还原赋矿碳酸盐岩地层封存水中溶解的早白垩世海相硫酸盐为主要还原硫来源。方铅矿铅同位素组成在带内各矿区差别不大(206Pb/204Pb介于18.389~18.471,207Pb/204Pb介于15.628~15.659,208Pb/204Pb介于38.470~38.650),推测成矿金属物质来自区域整套的上地壳地层。该矿带碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床为一套与岩浆作用无关的后生铅锌矿床,以世界上的矿床类型划分可在大范畴上归入MVT铅锌矿床,但是,这些矿床形成于大陆碰撞造山带内部,受控于区域压扭性构造,矿物组合中富石英的存在,这些特点并不能被已建立的MVT铅锌成矿模式所涵盖,彰显出了其独特的成矿特征,故暂视为一套类MVT铅锌矿床。这些矿床的成矿过程和其东邻的"三江"成矿带铅锌成矿发育相似,可初步归纳为:斜向碰撞、压扭性构造发育、盆地卤水下渗—流体汇聚,圈闭、有机质、细菌准备—硫酸盐被还原、还原硫形成,应力松弛—流体排泄,流体混合—金属沉淀,区域富岩浆岩地层准备、成矿流体温度快速下降—富硅矿物组合形成。     

大陆碰撞造山样式与过程：来自特提斯碰撞造山带的实例

本文选取特提斯域内比利牛斯、阿尔卑斯、扎格罗斯、喜马拉雅-青藏高原四个地球上最年轻的陆-陆碰撞造山带,对其造山带结构、类型、物质组成、构造岩浆过程等方面进行详细介绍,进而讨论各个造山带的差异性及其缘由,分析碰撞造山普遍性规律。资料分析表明,四个碰撞造山带具有不同的结构和组成。根据板块汇聚方向与造山带边界间的夹角可将造山带分为正向和斜向两种;根据造山带结构可将碰撞带分为对称式和不对称式两种。由此本文将碰撞造山带划分为四种基本式样:正向对称式、正向不对称式、斜向对称式、斜向不对称式,分别以比利牛斯、青藏高原、阿尔卑斯和扎格罗斯碰撞带为代表。综合分析四个造山带碰撞以来的岩浆构造活动,本文发现完整的碰撞过程可以划分为三个阶段,第一阶段主要发生挤压缩短、地壳加厚,高压变质和钙碱性火山岩浆活动;第二阶段以大规模走滑系统发育和高钾钙碱性或钾质火山岩浆作用为特征;第三个阶段挤压应力向碰撞带两侧扩展,同时伴有大型伸展构造系统的发育。在这三阶段演化历程中,比利牛斯只进行到第一阶段,成为幼年夭折的碰撞带;扎格罗斯进行到第二阶段,出现调节挤压应变的走滑系统和钾质超钾质岩浆活动;青藏高原和阿尔卑斯进行到第三个阶段,以发育大型伸展构造和钾质、超钾质岩浆活动为特征,但后者在造山带物质组成和汇聚速率方面显示出比前者更成熟的造山演化程度。因此认为岩石圈组成是碰撞造山带结构的主要控制因素,如果上覆板块具有相对不稳定的岩石圈,会使得碰撞带后陆发育宽广的构造岩浆带,造成造山带呈不对称式结构。     

Geology and Geochemistry of K-feldspar Veins in Lamprophyre at the Zhenyuan Gold Deposit, Yunnan, Southwest China: Implications for Gold Mineralization

Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits. The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely. Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization, whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids. K-feldspar veins, with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits, appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan. Therefore, K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits. Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#, Ni, and Cr contents and higher TiO2, Li, Ba, Sr, Sc, Zr, Nb, and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres. The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites (0.7063–0.7066) in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites (0.7064–0.7078) from lamprophyres. High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres, in addition to high (87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite (0.7064–0.7078), indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle. K-feldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres, whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.     

Semiconducting Mineral Photocatalytic Regeneration of Fe2+ Promotes Carbon Dioxide Acquisition by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Chemoautotrophic organisms have once been excluded from the development of universally applicable CO2 fixation technology due to its low production yields of biomass. In this study, we used Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.f.) as a model chemoautotrophic microorganism to test the hypothesis that exogenetic photoelectrons from semiconducting mineral photocatalysis can enable the regeneration of Fe2+ that could be then used by A.f. and support its growth. In a simulated electrochemical system, where exogenetic electrons were provided by an electrochemical approach, an accelerated growth rate of A.f. was observed as compared with that in traditional batch cultivation. In a coupled system, where light-irradiated natural rutile provided the primary electron source to feed A.f., the bacterial growth rate as well as the subsequent CO2 fixation rate was demonstrated to be in a light-dependent manner. The sustaining flow of photogenerated electrons from semiconducting mineral to bacteria provided an inexhaustible electron source for chemoautotrophic bacteria growth and CO2 fixation. This finding might contribute to the development of novel effective CO2 fixation technology.     

基于大罗兰圆(R=140mm)大分光晶体的SPI独居石标样化学成分精准测定

独居石是常见的稀土矿物之一,常出现在各类岩石中,是重要的成因指示矿物和定年矿物,因此准确测定独居石化学成分不仅具有重要的地质成因意义,同时也为后续的电子探针定年、原位同位素等分析工作提供可靠的参数。电子探针分析方法具有原位无损和高空间分辨率（~ 1 μm）的优势,该研究以SPI公司独居石标样为分析对象,在精细全元素波谱扫描工作基础上,对其化学成分的电子探针测试条件：加速电压、束流和测量时间的设定、分光晶体、分析线系、检测限、干扰系数,标样的选择等多个参数进行了系统研究和讨论,确定最佳测试条件参数,并获得和各元素含量推荐值基本一致的成分数据。文章建立了日本电子JEOL JXA-8530F Plus电子探针下独居石化学成分的最佳分析条件,实现了大罗兰圆大分光晶体（R=140 mm）对微量元素的精准测定,同时各元素含量相对标准偏差均低于20%（范围为0.05%～17.75%）,满足了后续实际样品的化学成分和CHIME定年的整合分析测试精度的要求。     

小秦岭地区花岗岩体中CO2—H2O包裹体的找矿意义

小秦岭地区与金矿成因有关的燕山期文峪花岗岩及其派生石英脉中发育了非常丰富的ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体,其流体为富含ＣＯ２的低盐度（＜１０％ＮａＣｌ）流体,这与含金石英脉内的包裹体类型及金矿成矿流体性质上十分相似。与金矿成因无关的华山岩体内包裹体类型则为水溶液包裹体,流体性质为贫ＣＯ２的低盐度流体。与金矿有关,但其周围矿化很差的娘娘山岩体内ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体数量很少。因此,ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体可以作为与金矿成因有关的花岗岩体关联程度的判别标志,而ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体的丰度可以作为金矿床品位和规模评价及成矿前景展望的依据     

中国4Ma来孢粉植物群气候的多重旋回模型

本文应用频谱分析方法，研究了近４Ｍａ来的孢粉植物群气候波动，确定存在准１２０，３０（或４０），１０（或６）万年的周期。依据孢粉植物群的时空分布建立了多重气候旋回模型，该模型将４Ｍａ来气候划分为３个１．２Ｍａ的气候幕，１２个０．３（或０．４）Ｍａ的气候期，４８个０．１（或０．０６）Ｍａ的气候段。并且讨论了模型与自然环境演变及季风气候兴衰的关系。指出在冬、夏季风交替活动过程中，夏季风兴盛于２．０－１．８Ｍａ及０．８－０．２Ｍａ两个时期；冬季风活跃于２．５－２．３Ｍａ及１．２－０．８Ｍａ两个时期。     

Tropical Marine Productivity:The Modern Progress and Paleoproductivity Records

The classification and influencing factors of modern marine productivity were reviewed at the beginning. We discussed the pros and cons of different paleoproductivity proxies. Based on these discussions, we collected paleoproductivity reconstructions in tropical marine from previous studies and focus on the glacial-interglacial features, periodicity and forcing mechanisms of tropical marine productivity. We found that the productivity in most tropical sites decreased from MIS 2 to MIS 1. The productivity was not always higher in glacial: The glacial-interglacial pattern of productivity turned at MIS 22 in western Pacific. There were remarkable differences between tropical productivity and high latitude productivity. The precession and obliquity bands were more significant in tropical productivity and ~30 ka cycles caused by the superimposing of different orbital cycles were common in tropical. The coccolith based productivity seemed to have a quasiperiod of 400 ka and more researches are needed to discover the relationship between productivity and global ¹³C in this band.