研究型大学非测绘专业"测量学"教学模式研究

研究型大学以科学研究为其重要功能,以科研与教学融合为主要特征,以产出高水平的科研成果和培养高层次的精英人才为目标。针对研究型大学教学定位确定非测绘专业"测量学"教学定位,结合清华大学非测绘专业"测量学"教学实践,提出研究型大学非测绘专业"测量学"教学讲一、考二、用三的教学模式,简单诠释在教学中基础、应用与拓展的关系,介绍了清华大学在非测绘专业测量学教学中的递进式知识模块设计,以及新技术拓展课程开设,指出研究型大学非测绘专业测量学教学在教学大纲、教学过程、教学方法、考核方式等方面应做的适当调整和注意事项。实践证明,清华大学"测量学"课程在激发学生自主学习兴趣和创造性思维方式,培养学生专业能力、创新能力和协作能力方面取得了好的成效。     

On seasonal and semi-annual approach for flood frequency analysis

As a supplementary method to the conventional flood frequency analysis based on annual peak flows, we propose an approach in this paper to infer the flood frequency distribution on quarterly and semi-annual time scale, which are then converted to annual time scale to obtain the floods corresponding to return periods in unit of year. Two criteria for test of data independence, namely, minimum 7 and 15-day interval between two consecutive peak flows, are tested. The proposed approach was applied to Des Moines River at Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA using its 62 years of observation daily flows. The results show that the estimated floods for given return periods from quarter-annual data series are in general higher than the corresponding estimated floods from semi-annual data series, which is further larger than estimated floods from annual peak flows. The floods estimated from semi-annual data series agree well with the results of previous US Geological Survey study.     

国际及省际贸易视角下的中国虚拟水和隐含能源流通规律分析

核算了世界各国（地区）与中国,以及中国省际间的资源流通量,量化了贸易视角下水资源与能源的相互消耗量,从“源”与“汇”的视角描绘了各类资源从自然界进入经济系统到最终使用的整个过程。结果表明：① 中国虚拟水呈净流出状态,国际虚拟水贸易加重了中国的水资源压力;国际隐含能源贸易抵消了虚拟水净出口量的三分之一,缓解了中国的水资源压力。② 中国隐含能源呈净进口状态,国际隐含能源贸易缓解了中国的能源使用压力;国际虚拟水贸易加重了中国的能源使用压力,但影响程度较弱。③ 虚拟水主要通过农业和制造业进入社会经济系统,隐含能源主要通过矿业和制造业进入社会经济系统;固定资本形成和城镇生活消费是虚拟水和隐含能源的主要最终使用方式,数值分别为1735.42亿m³和2117.24亿m³,6.25×10⁷ TJ和2.73×10⁷ TJ。④ 中国各省份最终使用的水耗能源总量为8.73×10⁶ TJ,占隐含能源总量的3.27%,低于能源耗水在虚拟水中的比重（9.63%）。能源省际贸易相比于水资源而言更为活跃,能源耗水在水?能纽带关系中起主导作用。     

地震映像法在隧底岩溶探测中的应用效果研究

结合既有线工程实际,已修建的贵昆、襄渝、成昆、宜万铁路都遭遇大量岩溶地质灾害,岩溶对隧道工程的危害不仅体现于施工方面,在后期运营过程中也会构成威胁。有岩溶出现的隧道工程,极易造成塌方,伴随涌水、突泥等现象,甚至出现坍塌,造成隧道施工停工和人员伤亡以及财产损失,后期运营工程中,隧道隐伏岩溶具有较强的隐蔽性且构成对行车安全的威胁,是不容忽视的地质灾害之一。沪昆高铁长沙至贵阳段所经过的贵州广大地区,岩溶喀斯特发育广泛。因此,查明隧底岩溶的分布情况显得尤为重要。采用地震映像法探测隧底岩溶,可以查明岩溶的分布情况,为岩溶的整治处理提供有力资料,可以减少不必要的损失。本文阐述了地震映像法的基本原理、工作方式、解释原则,并结合某隧道进行分析,探明了多处溶蚀带和溶洞,证明该方法法在隧底岩溶的探测中是切实可行的。     

胶状黄铁矿成因类型与鉴别特征

胶状黄铁矿广泛分布在多种地质体中, 对其成分标型进行深入研究可以获得大量成因信息。通过分析胶状黄铁矿的矿物形态、晶体结构, 并利用Fe-S、Co-Ni、S-Se、Se-Te和δ34S图解, 对胶状黄铁矿的组成特征进行对比研究, 可以有效区分其成因类型。沉积成因的胶状黄铁矿多呈球形、椭球状和团块状的聚合形态, Co/Ni＜l, S/Se＞2.5×104, Se/Te＜0.45, δ34S值变化范围较宽(-13‰~+13‰), 显微镜下常具有鲕粒替代的假象结构。热液成因的胶状黄铁矿多呈不规则的脉状, 微观结构常具有一定的定向性, 1＜Co/Ni＜5, S/Se＜2.5×104, Se/Te＞0.45, 其中岩浆热液成因的胶状黄铁矿Co/Ni、S/Se和Se/Te均高于变质热液成因, δ34S值范围较窄, 通常集中于0~5‰。沉积成因的胶状黄铁矿成核和晚期环带生长的过程主要发生在厌氧的早期成岩阶段, 在硫酸盐还原菌的作用下结晶出纳米粒级的微晶黄铁矿, H2S存在的厌氧环境中, Cu、Zn、Mo等金属元素以硫化物固溶体的形式进入结晶的纳米级黄铁矿颗粒而富集。而热液成因的胶状黄铁矿可作为一种载体矿物, Au、As等元素按层状-岛状生长模型赋存在胶状黄铁矿的生长环带中; 中低温条件下可相变为磁黄铁矿等矿物, 进一步促进Cu等元素沉淀。     

教育的复杂性与教学的简单性——非测绘专业“测量学”教学思考

新技术日新月异的发展促进了学科交叉与融合,测绘已全面进入地球空间信息时代,由传统的数据生产型测绘升级为全领域、全范围全息地理信息服务。以"测量学"教学为核心内容的非测绘专业的本科测绘教育教学面临前所未有的机遇和挑战。测绘作为一门多学科交叉的科学技术,可视为高等教育复杂系统网络中的重要节点,在提升网络效率和网络特性方面具有独有的优势。基于此,本文首先以复杂系统的联通本体视角,提出了非测绘专业的测绘教育在相关学科教学改革中具有重要影响,从非测绘专业的测绘教育教学出发讨论适应新时代的教育教学改革,有理论基础和现实意义,其实践层面的落点为学科交叉、融合与创新。然后,结合清华大学非测绘专业"测量学"教学实践,初步讨论复杂系统的简单性原则在教学中的适用性,提出具体的教育教学改革措施。     

小秦岭地区花岗岩体中CO2—H2O包裹体的找矿意义

小秦岭地区与金矿成因有关的燕山期文峪花岗岩及其派生石英脉中发育了非常丰富的ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体,其流体为富含ＣＯ２的低盐度（＜１０％ＮａＣｌ）流体,这与含金石英脉内的包裹体类型及金矿成矿流体性质上十分相似。与金矿成因无关的华山岩体内包裹体类型则为水溶液包裹体,流体性质为贫ＣＯ２的低盐度流体。与金矿有关,但其周围矿化很差的娘娘山岩体内ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体数量很少。因此,ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体可以作为与金矿成因有关的花岗岩体关联程度的判别标志,而ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体的丰度可以作为金矿床品位和规模评价及成矿前景展望的依据     

新疆哈图金矿成矿流体地球化学

新疆哈图金矿床赋存在石炭系基性火山岩－火山碎屑岩中,矿体受古火山口断裂系控制。矿脉内流体包裹体较为丰富,主要为气液相ＮａＣｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体和少量的ＮａＣｌ－ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体。成矿热液中富含ＣＯ２、Ｎ２、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃｌ－和ＳＯ２－４,而所含的成矿元素以Ａｕ－Ａｓ－Ａｇ－Ｓｂ组合为特征。成矿热液为低盐度流体,主成矿阶段的盐度为４．１ｗｔ％～６．３ｗｔ％ＮａＣｌ,密度为０．８８～０．８０ｇ／ｃｍ３,ｆＯ２为１０－３５～１０－３１Ｐａ,Ｅｈ为０．６０～０．８０ｅＶ,为还原环境。金沉淀成矿的最佳温度为２３０～２６０℃。哈图金矿成矿热液不是典型的岩浆热液,而是受到了古大气水混入的火山晚期热液。流体不混溶、水－岩反应及古大气水的混入是造成本区金沉淀成矿的主要因素。     

Fluid Inclusion and Carbon-Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Hujiayu Cu Deposit, Zhongtiao Mountains, China: Implications for Syn-metamorphic Copper Remobilization

The Hujiayu Cu deposit,representative of the "HuBi-type" Cu deposits in the Zhongtiao Mountains district in the southern edge of the North China Craton,is primarily hosted in graphitebearing schists and carbonate rocks.The ore minerals comprise mainly chalcopyrite,with minor sphalerite,siegenite[(Co,Ni)_3S_4],and clausthalite[Pb(S,Se)].The gangue minerals are mainly quartz and dolomite,with minor albite.Four fluid inclusion types were recognized in the chalcopyrite-pyrite-dolomite-quartz veins,including CO_2-rich inclusions(type Ⅰ),low-salinity,liquid-dominated,biphase aqueous inclusions(type Ⅱ),solid-bearing aqueous inclusions(type Ⅲ),and solid-bearing aqueous-carbonic inclusions(type Ⅳ).Type I inclusion can be further divided into two sub-types,i.e.,monophase CO_2 inclusions(type Ⅰa) and biphase CO_2-rich inclusions(with a visible aqueous phase),and type Ⅲ inclusion is divided into a subtype with a halite daughter mineral(type Ⅲa) and a subtype with multiple solids(type Ⅲb).Various fluid inclusion assemblages(FIAs) were identified through petrographic observations,and were classified into four groups.The group-1 FIA,consisting of monophase CO_2 inclusions(type Ⅰa),homogenized into the liquid phase in a large range of temperatures from-1 to 28℃,suggesting post-entrapment modification.The group-2 FIA consists of type Ⅰb,Ⅲb and Ⅳ inclusions,and is interpreted to reflect fluid immiscibility.The group-3 FIA comprises type Ⅱ and Ⅲa inclusions,and the group-4FIA consists of type Ⅱ inclusions with consistent phase ratios.The group-1 and group-2 FIAs are interpreted to be entrapped during mineralization,whereas group-3 and group-4 FIAs probably represent the post-mineralization fluids.The solid CO_2 melting temperatures range from-60.6 to56.6℃ and from-66.0 to-63.4℃ for type Ⅰa and type Ⅳ inclusions,respectively.The homogenization temperatures for type Ⅱ inclusions range from 132 to 170℃ for group-3 FIAs and115 to 219℃ for group-4 FIAs.The halite melting temperatures range from 530 to 562℃ for typeⅢ b and Ⅳ inclusions,whereas those for type Ⅲa inclusions range from 198 to 398℃.Laser Raman and SEM-EDS results show that the gas species in fluid inclusions are mainly CO_2 with minor CH_4,and the solids are dominated by calcite and halite.The calcite in the hosting marble and dolomite in the hydrothermal veins have δ~(13)C_(V-pdb) values of-0.2 to 1.2‰ and-1.2 to-6.3‰,and δ~(18)O_(v-smow) values of 14.0 to 20.8 ‰ and 13.2 to 14.3‰,respectively.The fluid inclusion and carbon-oxygen isotope data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were probably derived from metamorphic fluids,which had reacted with organic matter in sedimentary rocks or graphite and undergone phase separation at 1.4-1.8 kbar and 230-240℃,after peak metamorphism.It is proposed that the Hujiayu Cu deposit consists of two mineralization stages.The early stage mineralization,characterized by disseminated and veinlet copper sulfides,probably took place in an environment similar to sediment-hosted stratiform copper mineralization.Ore minerals formed in this precursor mineralization stage were remobilized and enriched in the late metamorphic hydrothermal stage,leading to the formation of thick quartz-dolomite-sulfides veins.     

豫西中元古代汝阳群层序地层初步研究

以沉积相为基础，通过对汝阳群的层序地层研究，初步建立了该区中元古代地层格架，共划分为６个层序，并讨论了层序形成的主要控制因素，对层序地层研究在前寒武纪地层的广泛开展具有一定的现实意义。