核电站附近海域漂流海藻的漂移路径数值模拟

研究核电站附近海域漂流海藻的漂流路径对保障核电站冷源安全具有重要意义。本研究根据辽东湾东部海域漂流海藻的分布特征,构建该海域的二维水动力和粒子追踪数值预测、预报模型,基于近年实际观测的海流和潮位数据,对水动力模型进行验证,并根据2019年5月至8月释放北斗和GPS浮标采集数据,对该海域相同工况下的海藻漂移路径进行校验,均吻合良好。同时,对该海域7月大潮期,取水口附近海域的海藻堵塞风险进行了模拟分析,得到各不同工况下,漂流海藻到达取水口定义威胁区范围内的时间。结果表明,该数值模型能够对漂流海藻的漂移路径进行准确模拟,可为科学规避或有效减轻漂流海藻对核电站冷源取水口的堵塞风险提供技术支撑。     

2008年以来中国5次典型地震事件诱发地质灾害主控因素分析

地震触发地质灾害主控因素的厘定是研究地震地质灾害和灾后应急救援响应的关键问题。笔者在野外典型地震滑坡实地调查和室内图件分析的基础上,以2008年以来我国先后发生的汶川地震、玉树地震、芦山地震、岷县漳县地震和彝良地震触发的地质灾害为研究对象,开展了地震地质灾害主控因素研究,主要取得以下认识：（1）地震地质灾害的空间展布特征主要受控于发震断裂的活动性质、地震动峰值加速度（PGA）、震区地形坡度和高差、距断裂带和水系的距离等4个方面。地震型地质灾害主要沿地震断裂带呈带状分布,逆冲型地震较走滑型地震诱发的高位、高速远程滑坡数量多,方量大,危害严重。（2）地震震级越大,极震区地形坡度越陡,地层风化破碎越严重,发生地质灾害的可能性就越大,造成的危害也更加严重,如2008年5·12汶川地震区。（3）地震地质灾害分布与地震烈度等级大小无必然联系,部分低烈度区因处于高山峡谷区而灾害频发。因此,震后地质灾害排查要充分利用地震地质灾害的成灾模式和成灾规律,震中区和地震高烈度区不一定是地质灾害极易发区。地震型地质灾害主控因素的分析为震后地质灾害空间分布范围预测及为灾后减灾应急响应方案制定提供了技术支撑。     

Optimizing landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kongtong District,NW China: comparing the subdivision criteria of factors

Abstract

The standards applied to reclassify landslide-conditioning factors differ among studies and may change the accuracy of identifying landslide-prone areas. Therefore, we identified two standards per factor (elevation, aspect, slope, proximity to roads and proximity to streams) from the existing literature and set them as predisposing criteria in this paper. In addition to the five factors, lithology represented by types and a landslide inventory map produced from field surveys were also used in mapping. Thirty-two landslide susceptibility maps were generated based on weights-of-evidence and evaluated using the relative operative characteristic method. The results show that the subdivision criteria of factors change the accuracy, with the success rate varying from 84.34% to 87.51%. The map with the highest value captures more landslides in relatively higher susceptibility classes and is therefore considered the optimal one. Ultimately, a simplified mode of combining subdivision criteria is proposed to simplify comparison.     

2010年青海及苏门答腊7级以上地震异常特征分析

运用山西侯马形变台2010年3-5月DSQ水管倾斜仪、SSY-Ⅱ洞体伸缩仪数字化的观测资料,对4月7日印度尼西亚苏门答腊7.8级、4月14日青海玉树7.1级、5月9日苏门答腊7.4级地震前的短临异常,做形态、差分、速度、同震响应分析,并对异常的变化特征做相应总结,为今后地震预报分析,提供参考.     

Geochemical Constrains on Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of Volcanic Rocks from the Baimianxia and Sanwan Formations in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Plate

On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the volcanic lavas of the Baimianxia Formation can be classified into two units: high TiO2 and low TiO2. The TiO2 concentration of the former is generally higher than 1%, which occurs in the lower part with high-grade metamorphism, but the latter is less than 1% and crops out in the upper part with low-grade metamorphism. The high-TiO2 unit is dominated by tholeiitic lavas showing high rare earth element (REE) contents (ΣREE?=?83.4–180.8?μg/g), high light/heavy REE (LREE/HREE) ratios (LREE/HREE=2.17–5.85) and weak negative Eu anomaly (Eu=0.79–1.01). Its trace element patterns display weak Nb-Ta anomalies with respect to Th, K, La, Ce, showing within-plate basalt affinities. In contrast, the low-TiO2 unit is characterized by low REE contents, low LREE/HREE ratios, and pronounced Nb-Ta anomalies, indicating typical arc or continental arc signature. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of basalts and andesites from the Sanwan Formation are flat or LREE depletion, which is very similar to normal mid-oceanic basalt. Therefore, we suggest that these lavas should be formed in a back-arc basin setting. Sr-Nd isotopic data of the basalt in the lower part suggest that the rocks would have been formed in ~1144?Ma. Based on the geochemical and isotopic features of the basalts, we suggest that these rocks in the low part of the Baimianxia Formation should originate from an asthenospheric oceanic-island basalt-like mantle source, which may be produced by partial melting of garnet lherzolite, and significantly underwent fractional crystallization and crustal or lithospheric mantle contamination en route to the surface. However, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb dating of the basalt sample from the upper part of the Baimianxia Formation gives a 437 Ma, indicating a Early Paleozoic age. The geochemical analysis in this paper suggests that they may originate from an arc or continental arc in response to aqueous fluids or melt expelled from a subducting slab, and the partial melting occurred in the garnet stability field. The samples of basalts and andesites in the Sanwan Formation show they are derived from depleted mantle source similar to normal mid-oceanic basalt. Finally, we can conclude that the lavas in the lower part of the Baimianxia Formation represent the geological records of rift-related volcanism in the middle Proterozoic, which is commonly considered to be the precursor of continental breakup and followed by oceanic basin forming from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic. Whereas, the lavas in upper part of the Baimianxia Formation and Sanwan Formations may have been generated by the oceanic and continental conversion that occurred in the early Paleozoic.     

数字地球气象应用的基本问题探讨

气象信息的分析处理是以地图作为载体的,平面地图的局限性影响着气象信息的多尺度、多分辨率的集成管理,其结果导致了气象业务、气象研究、气象产品的割裂.文章分析了平面地图作为气象信息载体的局限性,提出了气象信息集成于数字地球所面临的3个基本问题:1)气象信息空间基准统一性;2)面向多尺度气象信息集成的地球椭球剖分技术;3)平面气象信息如何划算到椭球面.并对解决以上问题的技术途径进行了探讨.     

Phytoplankton composition and its ecological effect in subsurface cold pool of the northern Bering Sea in summer as revealed by HPLC derived pigment signatures

CHEMTAX analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) pigment was conducted to study phytoplankton community structure in the northern Bering Sea shelf, where a seasonal subsurface cold pool emerges. The results showed that fucoxanthin(Fuco) and chlorophyll a(Chl a) were the most abundant diagnostic pigments, with the integrated water column values ranging from 141 to 2 160 μg/m2 and 477 to 5 535 μg/m2, respectively. Moreover, a diatom bloom was identified at Sta. BB06 with the standing stock of Fuco up to 9 214 μg/m3. The results of CHEMTAX suggested that the phytoplankton community in the northern Bering Sea shelf was dominated by diatoms and chrysophytes with an average relative contribution to Chl a of 80% and 12%, respectively, followed by chlorophytes, dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes. Diatoms were the absolutely dominant algae in the subsurface cold pool with a relative contribution exceeding 90%, while the contribution of chrysophytes was generally higher in oligotrophic upper water. Additionally, the presence of a cold pool would tend to favor accumulation of diatom biomass and a bloom that occurred beneath the halocline would be beneficial to organic matter sinks, which suggests that a large part of the phytoplankton biomass would settle to the seabed and support a rich benthic biomass.     

南极大磷虾声学调查数据噪声处理与资源评估

在中国第28次南极科学考察期间,利用“雪龙号”科考船载SIMRAD EK500（38kHz）科学渔探仪对南极半岛附近海域的南极大磷虾资源量进行了调查。原始声学数据经过信噪比估算和背景噪声剔除数据后处理方法剔除背景噪声以及手动剔除表面混响、海底反射和坏数据之后,在200 m以浅水层中,以1n mile间隔进行积分,并应用Matlab软件编程对积分结果进行后处理,得出调查海域中南极大磷虾的资源分布情况。结果表明：（1）“雪龙号”的平均噪声功率值为-146.47dB re 1W;(2)空白水体的噪声平均剔除百分比为88.3%;（3）调查区域内的南极大磷虾平均密度为27.30 g·m^-2（62.95 ind·m^-2）。     

三山岛金矿尾矿在玻璃微珠制品中整体综合利用研究

根据矿石性质,通过样品加工,添加辅助矿物,生产出可用作金属构件表面的抛光处理的抛光丸,石油开采用固体润滑剂、压力支撑剂的玻璃微珠。使该金矿尾矿完全可以达到整体综合利用,从而使金矿生产达到无尾矿排放。     

“4•20”芦山地震诱发地质灾害基本特征及其与“5•12”汶川地震对比分析

2013年4月20日8时2分,四川省雅安市芦山县(30.3°N,103.0°E)发生了Ms7.0级强烈地震,其是继2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0特大地震后在龙门山断裂带上的又一次破坏性地震。文章分析了"4·20"芦山地震诱发地质灾害基本特征、形成机制和典型案例,并与"5·12"汶川地震诱发地质灾害进行了对比,在此基础上研究了两次地震地质灾害集中区断裂带活动性质、地貌特征、地形坡度、地震烈度等对崩塌滑坡的影响,主要取得了以下认识:①芦山地震诱发的地质灾害类型主要有崩塌(滚石)、滑坡、泥石流和不稳定斜坡四类,与汶川地震诱发灾害相比数量少,规模小,主要以中小型浅表层滑坡崩塌为主,且主要集中在高陡边坡和高山峡谷区;②芦山地震区宝兴县冷木沟和校场沟泥石流和2010年甘肃舟曲三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流灾害具有极为相似的地形地貌特征和孕灾条件;③芦山地震诱发地质灾害机制主要有:拉裂-崩滑-碰撞-铲刮-碎屑流、拉裂-崩落、震动-降雨-崩塌(滑动)-泥石流、震动-抛掷(滚动)四种,震后地质灾害是内外动力地质作用耦合叠加的结果;④芦山地震与汶川地震因其震级、断裂带性质及破碎程度、地形地貌等差异诱发的地质灾害存在明显的异同点,灾害类型基本相同,而方量、数量、危害等方面差异明显。