Basement of the South China Sea Area: Tracing the Tethyan Realm

The basement of the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent areas can be divided into six divisions (regions) – Paleozoic Erathem graben-faulted basement division in Beibu Gulf, Paleozoic Erathem strike-slip pull-apart in Yinggehai waters, Paleozoic Erathem faulted-depression in eastern Hainan, Paleozoic Erathem rifted in northern Xisha (Paracel), Paleozoic Erathem strike-slip extending in southern Xisha, and Paleozoic-Mesozoic Erathem extending in Nansha Islands (Spratly) waters. The Pre-Cenozoic basement in the SCS and Yunkai continental area are coeval within the Tethyan tectonic domain in the Pre-Cenozoic Period. They are formed on the background of the Paleo-Tethyan tectonic domain, and are important components of the Eastern Tethyan multi-island-ocean system. Three branches of the Eastern Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain, North Yunkai, North Hainan, and South Hainan sea basins, have evolved into the North Yunkai, North Hainan, and South Hainan suture zones, respectively. This shows a distinctive feature of localization for the Pre-Cenozoic basement. The Qiongnan (i.e. South Hainan) Suture Zone on the northern margin of the South China Sea can be considered the vestige of the principal ocean basin of Paleo-Tethys, and connected with the suture zone of the Longmucuo-Shuanghu belt–Bitu belt –Changning-Menglian-Bentong-Raub belt, the south extension of Bitu-Changning-Menglian–Ching Mai belt–Chanthaburi-Raub-Bentong belt on the west of South China Sea, and with the Lianhua-Taidong suture zone (a fault along the east side of Longitudinal Valley in Taiwan)–Hida LP/HT (low pressure-high temperature) metamorphic belt–Hida-marginal HP/LT metamorphic belt in southwestern Honshu of Japan, on the east of the South China Sea. The Qiongbei (North Hainan) suture zone may eastwards extended along the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone, and connects with the Lufeng-Dapu-Zhenghe-Shangyu (Lianhuashan) deep fault zone through the Pearl River Mouth Basin. The Meso-Tethys developed on the south of the South China Sea. The Nansha Trough may be considered the vestige of the northern shelf of the Meso-Tethys. The oceanic crust of the Meso-Tethys has southwards subducted along the subduction-collision-thrust southern margin of the Nansha Trough with a subduction-pole opposite to those of the Yarlung Zangbo-Mytkyina-Bago zone on the west of the South China Sea, and the Meso-Tethyan (e.g. Northern Chichibu Ocean of the Meso-Tethys) suture zone “Butsozo tectonic line” in the outer belt of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous terrene group in southwest Japan, on the east of the South China Sea.     

末次冰期以来南海北部物源及古环境变化的有机地球化学记录

文章在AMS～14C定年的基础上建立了南海北部MD05-2905钻孔（20°08.17′N,117°21.61′E）末次冰期以来有机地球化学记录的时间序列,利用其中的正构烷烃、甾醇和烯酮等有机分子标志物对南海北坡25ka以来沉积物物源、气候环境变化进行探讨。长链正构烷烃总含量和浮游植物标志物总含量表明25.0～14.5kaB.P.时段南海北部沉积物中陆源物质输入、海洋初级生产力浮游植物输入均较高,14.5～8.5kaB.P.时段迅速降低,全新世8.5kaB.P.之后稳定在较低水平。末次冰期海平面低,陆架出露面积大,陆源物质搬运至沉积地点的距离短,强盛的冬季风及其驱动的洋流有利于大量的陆源物质搬运至该沉积地点;14.5kaB.P.,对应于MWPIa时期,陆源物质输入迅速减少,海洋初级生产力的迅速降低,印证了此时海平面的快速上升。C31/C17物源参数表明陆源物质输入和海洋内生源输入在25.0～14.5kaB.P.时段和14.5～8.5kaB.P.时段分别占据了主要地位,这表明海平面变化对陆源物质输入影响可能更大;全新世8.5ka之后,陆源、海洋内生源输入交替占据主要地位,这可能与东亚季风增强有关。从有机分子标志物研究来看,海平面的变化对陆源物质输入及总海洋初级生产力可能均有重要控制作用,但海洋初级生产力中某些藻类如硅藻可能受控于不同的气候因素。C28甾醇含量指示硅藻在MWPIa和MWPIb时期大量增多,这可能是14.5～8.5kaB.P.海洋内生源输入相对较多的重要原因,同时,对11.0～8.5kaB.P.时段的碳酸钙低值事件可能有一定贡献,但其对海陆环境的响应还有待于进一步研究。     

笏山矿难应急救援钻孔施工技术

2021年笏山矿难钻孔救援是我国钻孔救援成功的典型案例。由于地层坚硬且裂隙发育,导致钻孔易偏斜且易发生卡钻事故,针对这一特殊情况采用潜孔锤空气泡沫钻进及螺杆马达纠偏等钻进工艺,成功完成了小口径生命保障孔钻探救援任务,同时本文也对生命保障孔、排水孔和大口径救生孔钻探救援技术进行了总结,对今后开展钻孔救援工作提出有待改进的问题和建议。     

辽宁省灯塔市大达连沟铁矿地质特征

辽宁省灯塔市大达连沟铁矿床位于灯塔市铧子镇,为一隐伏的大型铁矿床,埋深为1 360~1 430m,已控制矿体走向延长1 600m,倾斜延深580m,平均厚度为127m。矿体呈陡立厚板状体,夹石很少,为单一矿体。矿石自然类型为透闪-阳起磁铁石英岩,工业类型为弱磁性铁矿石。矿石品位在走向和垂向上基本稳定,mFe随着深度增加而减少,有害组分含量低。矿床为典型的鞍山式铁矿床,成因类型属沉积-变质型铁矿床。     

有限元数值模拟技术在潜山裂缝定量预测中的应用——以珠江口盆地惠州洼陷惠州26构造为例

潜山储层的裂缝发育预测是勘探开发领域一个技术难题。目前多采用地震刻画、地震属性提取、周边钻井资料揭示以及岩芯观察等方法对地下裂缝的分布情况进行预测,但存在不少问题。笔者等通过有限元数值模拟方法对珠江口盆地惠州26构造裂缝发育情况进行预测,并提出预测流程。该方法首先采用断层生长连接分析结合演化史建立合适的几何模型和数理模型,通过给定力学参数和边界条件,模拟裂缝主要形成期文昌期、恩平期的古构造应力场,最终通过对张应力和剪应力大小及分布的分析来预测储层构造裂缝的发育程度。模拟结果显示,文昌期裂缝强烈发育区位于F2断层西段和F1断层西段,在惠州26构造处,构造的高部位裂缝发育强度较强,在4井位置裂缝发育较弱,在7井位置发育较好的裂缝。恩平期受应力方向和大小的改变影响,主要的裂缝发育区集中在F2断层下盘惠州26构造高部位。将预测结果与钻井结果进行比较,预测结果和钻探结果较一致,印证了该方法在古潜山裂缝预测中的实用性。有限元数值模拟方法不仅能够恢复构造裂缝形成期构造应力场的分布情况,也可以对储层构造裂缝的分布及发育程度进行预测,为裂缝型潜山油气藏勘探开发提供技术支持。     

Silicon and sediment transport of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River): could the Three Gorges Reservoir be a filter?

Water samples were collected from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in May 2005, after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), to examine the influence of the TGR and large lakes on material delivery to the estuary of the Changjiang River. The concentrations of suspended particle material (SPM), dissolved silica (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the main stream were analyzed. The concentrations of DSi and BSi in the main channel of the Changjiang varied between 73 and 100 and 1.1–15 μmol/l, with a distance weighted average of 81 and 8.0 μmol/l, respectively. A calculation shows that live diatom comprises only an average value of 5.2 % of the BSi in the Changjiang River, and most of BSi may come from drainage basin. The concentrations of BSi and the ratios of BSi/SPM were relatively low in the Changjiang River compared to other rivers throughout the world, but the BSi carried in suspension by the Changjiang River was an important component of the rivers silicon load (i.e. ~13 %). SPM, DSi and BSi concentrations as observed in the Changjiang River tend to decrease from the upper sections of the river to the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), reflecting sedimentation associated with BSi trapping and DSi retention in the TGR in the normal-water period. SPM and BSi retention are more strongly influenced by the TGD compared to DSi. About 98 % of SPM, 72 % of BSi and 16 % of DSi were retained within the TGR in May 2005. The fluxes variations of DSi, BSi and SPM suggested that the large lakes and dams had a coupled effect on the transportation of DSi, BSi and SPM in the normal-water period. Such a change in silicon (DSi and BSi) balances of the Changjiang River will affect the ecological environment of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent sea to some extent.     

典型背斜槽谷区岩溶水资源空间分布格局与水质特征——以宜居河流域为例

文章选取典型背斜槽谷区——宜居河流域作为研究对象,结合不同水文地质单元对流域岩溶泉进行出露特征及水质分析,研究结果表明:(1) 二叠系、三叠系含水层的调查泉点水化学类型全部属于HCO3-Ca型水,而寒武系、奥陶系含水层部分泉点属于HCO3·SO4-Ca型水,这可能与该地区的岩性及人类活动有关;流域内93.8%的岩溶泉点水质等级为优良和良好,可作为饮用水源;(2)流域内岩溶泉流量<10 L·s-1的岩溶泉数量占78%,平均流量仅为0.84 L·s-1;流量≥10 L·s-1的岩溶大泉平均流量达76.56 L·s-1;此外,发现不同岩性地层在岩溶泉发育的数量和流量上皆有差异,表现出岩溶泉发育的极不均一性;(3) 在可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带、断裂构造带、陡崖处、地势较低的弱承压泄流区、深切河谷及峡谷两侧切割处5类地点易出露岩溶泉。      

5000米智能地质钻探技术与装备研发

深部钻探技术是解决深地探测科技问题的必要手段之一。本文主要介绍了“十三五”国家重点研发计划 “5000米智能地质钻探技术装备研发及应用示范” 项目方案,项目从构建大深度绳索取心钻孔口径系列、钻具级配、装备配置等入手,开展了钻进智能控制、钻机关键技术与装备、高性能绳索取心钻杆、小口径高效系列钻具、环保冲洗液体系与废浆处理技术、钻探技术装备集成与示范等研究,拟突破智能控制、自动化、轻量化与模块化等关键技术,形成以绳索取心工艺为主体的特深孔地质岩心钻探装备与技术体系,为我国深部探测计划提供技术与装备支撑。     

土地资源生态安全研究进展与展望

土地资源的生态安全问题日益突出, 土地资源生态安全研究成为当前土地资源可持续利 用研究的前沿课题。文章诠释了土地资源生态安全的概念, 并且对当前土地资源生态安全研究的 主要研究内容及研究进展进行了综述, 提出了将土地资源生态安全机理研究、土地资源生态安全 评价和土地资源生态安全设计研究整合起来进行综合研究的体系框架, 即在系统分析土地资源 生态安全影响机理的基础上, 构建土地资源生态安全评价指标体系, 进行土地资源生态安全评 价, 识别生态危机和生态安全的土地利用模式, 设计生态安全条件下的土地利用结构优化方案和 土地利用安全格局, 这种整合研究将成为区域土地资源可持续利用研究的趋势。其中土地资源生 态安全评价指标体系的构建、生态安全标准的判定以及土地资源生态安全格局构建仍是非常具 有探索性的工作, 也是未来土地资源生态安全研究的主要研究方向。     

协同反水雷作战任务规划系统总体研究

随着战场信息化、智能化技术的空前发展,反水雷作战也越来越向着多平台协同作战方向发展,作为反水雷作战神经中枢的指挥控制系统作用越来越明显。其中任务规划是反水雷作战指挥控制的重要环节,建立战术任务规划系统的目标就是要减轻岸基指挥中心以及反水雷母舰工作人员的工作负荷,提高多个平台协同反水雷作战的整体效能。通过分析反水雷任务规划的定位和功能,建立有人/无人协同任务规划框架及层次结构,提出协同反水雷任务规划关键技术及其解决途径,能够有力地推动反水雷指挥控制技术的发展。