Influences of climate change and human activities on Tarim River runoffs in China over the past half century

The changes in annual runoff of the three original rivers and the mainstream of Tarim River were analyzed by the non-parametric tests based on the hydrologic data during the period of 50 years. Using hydrologic data, meteorological data and the fitted equation, the impacts of climate change and human activities on annual runoff of the mainstream were assessed. Based on the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) headstream runoff has increased in the past 50 years, and has sharply jumped after 1990; (2) mainstream runoff decreased progressively in the past 50 years, which indicated that interference from human activities was the main cause for the decreasing runoff. This had greater negative influence than positive influence, which caused the mainstream average runoff to decrease by 5.4 × 10⁸ m³ from 1990 to 2008 as compared to 1957–2008; (3) if human activities remained at pre-1990 levels, climate change alone would have caused the runoff of mainstream of Tarim River to increase by 5.4 × 10⁸ m³ annually in the past 20 years; (4) if the climate had remained at pre-1990 conditions, human activities alone would have caused the runoff of mainstream of Tarim River to increase by 5.4 × 10⁸ m³ annually over the past 20 years. However, mainstream average runoff was 42.6 × 10⁸ m³ from 1990 to 2008 with the negative effects of human activities masked by the larger, positive effect of climate changes. The results in this paper provide a scientific basis for conservation strategies, sustainable management, and ecological restoration of the Tarim River Basin.     

山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据——颤痕

本文首次报道了在山东鲁山南坡山谷发现混合岩表面的颤痕。颤痕是冰川底部携带的岩石碎块在下伏基岩表面刮凿而形成的一系列弧形裂隙,颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致,而裂隙也是向下游方向深入基岩内部,其中突出的中间部位裂隙最深,向两端逐渐变浅直至消失。作者探讨了颤痕的形成机理,认为:颤痕相当于主剪切面上的伴生构造——R剪切面,在剖面上看就是一系列雁列式排列的R面,它不仅是冰川在基岩上运动留下的重要证据,而且还能指示冰体的运动方向。除了颤痕之外,在鲁山山麓还分布着大量的冰碛地貌:巨漂砾、冰碛堤等,在鲁山山脊上还见有典型的壶穴、冲刷槽等冰川融水侵蚀标志。这些标志与颤痕一起构成了强大的证据群,揭示了中国东部曾经发育过第四纪冰川的历史。中国东部是否发育过第四纪冰川?地学界已经争论了80多年,而颤痕的发现为进一步肯定中国东部存在第四纪冰川活动提供了最直接的证据。     

峨眉山地幔柱轴部位置的讨论

本文对峨眉山地幔柱的轴部位置进行了探讨,认为其应在米易—永仁一带。利用经典地幔柱模型,估算出峨眉山地幔柱到达上地幔时轴部直径大约为65～105km,高温苦橄岩的分布和差异剥蚀程度显示中心区的范围约为260～300km。深大断裂带、古地貌等因素控制了溢流玄武岩的喷发和展布,使得轴部岩浆的喷发偏于西部,形成了大理-丽江一带的苦橄岩分布较多的现象。     

西藏班公湖岛弧带晚白垩世地壳伸展期间碳的壳内循环

班公湖镁质碳酸岩体是青藏高原隆升过程中,在岩浆和流体作用下,含碳物质壳内循环作用的产物.本文利用LA-MC-ICP-MS测试技术对镁质碳酸岩样品中的交代型锆石进行了U-Pb同位素测年分析,其加权平均年龄为80.3±1.2Ma(MSWD=3.8),说明班公湖地区交代型镁质碳酸岩形成于晚白垩世,与这一地区同期的中酸性岩浆活动有关.岩体中菱镁矿和菱铁矿δ13 CV-PDB在0.9‰～1.6‰之间,平均为1.25‰;δ18OV-SMOW值在15.9‰～21.7‰,平均为18.65‰,指示碳来自于围岩中的海相碳酸盐岩.碳循环条件研究认为,大量的流体作为碳循环的载体,来自于大气降水,循环温度可能在300～350℃之间,循环范围从地表以下100 m到2.1 km左右.班公湖岛弧带白垩纪晚期伸展松弛的构造背景为下部岩浆上涌、天水下渗循环、加快CO2气体排放、加速碳的壳内循环提供了重要的驱动条件.     

长江流域悬浮物磁性特征及其物源指示意义

通过分析长江干流及主要支流表层悬浮物的环境磁学参数特征(类型、含量及粒度)及其空间变化,探讨环境磁学对河流物源示踪的意义.结果表明,长江悬浮物磁性矿物特征以磁铁矿为主,含有少量赤铁矿及针铁矿.上游不完整反铁磁性矿物含量高于中下游,反映四川盆地广泛分布的紫红色砂页岩的影响.受攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿影响,干流磁性矿物含量上游高于中下游,表现为在攀枝花处迅速增加,向下游逐渐降低并在经过三峡后显著降低,说明三峡大坝对上游磁性矿物有明显的拦截作用.支流中雅砻江、汉江及湘江较高的磁性矿物含量分别受控于流域出露的源岩及工农业等人为影响.长江悬浮物xfd％大于5％,表明样品中含有超顺磁颗粒.受流域地势及气候影响,磁性颗粒的粒径从上游至下游逐渐变细.长江悬浮物磁性特征能够在一定程度上反映物源特征,但长江地质条件复杂,气候类型空间变异大,且流域人为影响较大(三峡大坝等),使得利用磁性矿物特征示踪物源受到限制.     

The changing characteristics of drought in China from 1982 to 2005

Drought is one of the most detrimental natural disasters. Studying the changing characteristics of drought is obviously of great importance to achieve the sustainable use of water resources at river basin scales. In this paper, the satellite-based Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VH) were firstly calculated by using NDVI and brightness of the Global Vegetation Index dataset derived from Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer for China in growing seasons over 1982–2005. Then, the long-term VCI and VH data were employed to study the variation of droughts in the ten basins covering the whole country. The linear trend of each pixel showed that most parts of China were getting wetter in growing seasons, and the drought areas defined by the number of drought pixels have decreased in most basins. The increasing trend of basin averaged values of VCI and VH also indicates the whole country was generally getting wetter. At last, to better understand the two remote sensing drought indices, the response of the growing-season VCI and VH was compared to that of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and 6-month Standard Precipitation Index. Significant spatial variability of the relationship between the VCI, VH, and the station-based meteorological drought indices was shown, and some more closely related areas were found. The study will be useful for water resources management for each basin in the future.     

The Runoff Declining Process and Water Quality in Songhuajiang River Catchment,China under Global Climatic Change

The runoff in Songhuajiang River catchment has experienced a decreasing trend during the second half of the 20th century. Serially complete daily rainfall data of 42 rainfall stations from 1959 to 2002 and daily runoff data of five meteorological stations from 1953 to 2005 were obtained. The Mann–Kendall trend test and the sequential version of Mann–Kendall test were employed in this study to test the monthly and annual trends for both rainfall and runoff, to determine the start point of abrupt runoff declining, and to identify the main driving factors of runoff decline. The results showed an insignificant increasing trend in rainfall but a significant decreasing trend in runoff in the catchment. For the five meteorological stations, abrupt runoff decline occurred during 1957–1963 and the middle 1990s. Through Mann–Kendall comparisons for the area‐rainfall and runoff for the two decreasing periods, human activity, rather than climatic change, is identified as the main driving factor of runoff decline. Analysis of land use/cover shows that farmland is most related with runoff decline among all the land use/cover change in Nenjiang catchment. From 1986 to 1995, the area of farmland increased rapidly from 6.99 to 7.61 million hm². Hydraulic engineering has a significant influence on the runoff decline in the second Songhuajiang catchment. Many large‐scale reservoirs and hydropower stations have been built in the upstream of the Second Songhuajiang and lead to the runoff decline. Nenjiang and the Second Songhuajiang are the two sources of mainstream of Songhuajiang. Decreased runoff in these two sub‐catchments then results in runoff decrease in mainstream of Songhuajiang catchment. It is, therefore, concluded that high percent agricultural land and hydraulic engineering are the most probable driving factors of runoff decline in Songhuajiang River catchment, China.     

面向大规模DOM坐标系转换方法与软件实现

我国启用2000国家大地坐标系后,现有的国家基础地理信息数据均需进行坐标系转换。本文针对国家基础地理信息数据中1:5万及以小比例尺DOM数据的特点,设计了不同比例尺、不同分辨率的分幅与分景数据转换方法;研发了坐标系转换软件,实现了大规模DOM批量自动化处理,提高了转换效率,保证了转换成果的规范性和质量,满足了当前DOM坐标系转换的需要。     

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山东新泰青云低山区发现第四纪冰川遗迹

2005年7月上旬,笔者等在山东省新泰市东约10 km的青云山上发现了第四纪冰川遗迹,包括刃脊、角峰、冰漂砾、冰臼等。在由混合花岗岩组成的最高海拔仅为496 m的低山上发现大量的第四纪冰川遗迹,在华东地区尚未见报道。青云山整个山体全部由混合岩化的花岗岩组成,构成一条简单的山脊,呈北西-南东向延伸达4 km。最高点位于山体的东南段,海拔495.6 m。笔者等在带领中国石油大学学生进行地质考察时,在山脊上发现一系列第四纪冰川遗迹,包括:刃脊、角峰、冰漂砾、冰臼等。(1)刃脊和角峰:呈北西-南东方向延伸的整个山脊就是一刃脊,而在刃脊上至少存在有两处角峰。一处在山的东