FS-J1四分量净全辐射表在北极地区的性能评测

在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。     

不均匀性束内充塞效应对星载测雨雷达 反演算法的影响

星载雷达在地面的足印可达数公里,强降雨团的特征尺度也仅为几公里,加上波束内各部分对回波的贡献是非线性的,研究不均匀性束内充塞效应（Non Uniform Beam Filling,或简称NUBF）对星载测雨雷达反演雨强算法的影响就显得非常重要。利用TOGA/COARE期间Ku波段机载雷达实测资料提供的不同的降雨结构进行不均匀性束内充塞效应的研究。     

A Type-Curve Method for the Analysis of Pumping Tests with Piecewise-Linear Pumping Rates

Aquifer hydraulic parameters are commonly inferred from constant-rate pumping tests, while variable pumping rates are frequently encountered in actual field conditions. In this study, we propose a generally applicable dimensionless form of the analytical solution for variable-rate pumping tests in confined aquifers. In particular, we adopt a piecewise-linear fitting of variable pumping rates and propose a new type-curve method for estimating the hydraulic conductivity (K ) and specific storage (S_s ) of the investigated confined aquifer. For each test, a series of type curves, which depend on the variable pumping rates, the location of observation wells and the introduced first dimensionless inflection time, need to be provided for matching the observed drawdown data on a log-log graph. We first demonstrate the applicability and robustness of this method through a synthetic pumping test. Subsequently, we apply this method to analyze drawdown data from four pumping tests conducted within a multilayered aquifer/aquitard system in Wuxi city, Jiangsu Province, China. The parameter estimates are then compared with those reported by PEST. The K and S_s values estimated by the new type-curve method are found to be quite close to PEST-based estimates. Parameter estimation results demonstrate the difference in K and S_s values between observation wells. The difference could be attributed to the spatial heterogeneity in K and S_s . A future research topic may focus on the characterization of K and S_s heterogeneity with the currently available drawdown data from variable-rate pumping tests.     

Threshold pressure gradient of fluid flow through multi-porous media in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs

After analyzing many studies of fluid flow theory of multi-porous media in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs and the numerical simulation of non-Darcy flow, we found that a negative flow rate occurs in the existing non-Darcy flow equation, which is unreasonable. We believe that the existing equation can only be considered as a discriminant to judging Darcy flow or non-Darcy flow, and cannot be taken as a fluid flow governing equation of multi-porous media. Our analysis of the experimental results shows that the threshold pressure gradient (TPG) of low and extra-low permeability reservoirs is excessively high, and does not conform to fluid flow through multi-porous media in the actual reservoir situation. Therefore, we present a reasonable TPG ranging from 0.006 to 0.04 MPa/m at the well depth of 1500 m and oil drainage distance of 500 m. The results of our study also indicate that the non-Darcy flow phenomenon will disappear when the TPG reaches a certain value. In addition, the TPG or non-Darcy flow in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs does not need to be considered in the productivity prediction and reservoir numerical simulation. At present, the black oil model or dual-porous media is suitable for simulating low and extra-low permeability reservoirs.     

利用岩石化学成分判断二连盆地形成的沉积构造环境

二连盆地是海西期褶皱基底上发育起来的，为早白垩世断陷群。本文通过井下下白垩统巴花群４块砂岩、３块泥岩及１２块火山岩样品的镜下鉴定和化学成分测试及对比分析表明，早白垩世盆地形成的构造环境为受Ｉｚａｎａｇｉ板块向西俯冲的影响而形成的陆内裂谷，不同于渤海湾盆地早第三纪直接受太平洋板块俯冲作用而产生的主动大陆裂谷。     

应用高分辨率质谱分析苏丹高酸值原油成因

苏丹Muglad和Melut盆地是苏丹乃至整个中、西非剪切带最富含油气的盆地,所发现的原油主要为中质油(重度为20°～34°API),其次为重质油(重度小于20°API),普遍高含沥青质、高含蜡、高酸值、低含硫。为了探讨高酸值原油的成因,选择了苏丹地区18个不同酸值的原油样品,尝试高分辨率质谱分析上述原油有机酸的组成。结果表明,高酸值原油的有机酸主要由环烷酸组成;环烷酸的平均相对分子质量随降解作用程度增加而增大,分子碳原子数分布范围变宽;环烷酸以一环、二环、三环环烷酸为主。生物降解作用是形成高酸值原油的主要原因。     

天然气:21世纪我国国民经济新的增长点

“天然气－21世纪的能源”已成为全人类的共识，新气田的不断发现，储量的不断增长和新的跨国输气管线的建成以及贸易范围的扩大加速了天然气工业的全球化和全球天然气化的进程，以煤为主的中国能源工业面对这难得的国际经济环境和国外已经充分开发利用的天然气技术系统以及国内日益高涨的需求呼声，审时夺势，顺应潮流，适时调整了能源战略，加大了天然气勘探力度，不断摸清了资源家底，使储量和产能大幅度增长，并陆续启动了基础设施建设项目，我国天然气孕育着大开发，大发展的喜人前景，可以预料，天然气工业将成为21世纪我国国民经济新的增长点。     

利用油藏地质地球化学特征综合划分含油气系统

含油气系统的划分和范围的确定关系到油气勘探的方向和有利区带的选择,油源对比是含油气系统划分的关键.在缺乏成熟烃源岩样品的情况下,须结合油气藏的地质特征和演化历史,才能科学地划分含油气系统.据中非Muglad盆地Nugara坳陷同-构造上两个油田的地质分析和原油地球化学分析,把坳陷划分为两个独立的含油气系统,不同油田属于不同的系统.这一思路可为今后复杂构造演化区和裂谷盆地含油气系统研究提供借鉴.     

Parallel viewshed analysis on a PC cluster system using triple-based irregular partition scheme

Using digital elevation models (DEMs), viewshed analysis algorithms determine the visibility of each point on the terrain at a given location in space. As a data-parallel algorithm, real-time viewshed analysis from grid DEM poses a practical challenge to personal computer (PC) users, particularly when dealing with higher resolution and accuracy of large terrain data. Therefore, this paper presents a universal domain decomposition algorithm based on an equal-area strategy for the parallel viewshed analysis on a PC cluster system. The approach uses a scan-line filling method for data partitioning of the irregular bounding polygon of the terrain. The terrain data are divided into sectors of the same area that are connected by the viewpoint and the region vertices, ignoring the null value (or NODATA) points. Furthermore, each sector is assigned to one processor and is organized in the form of triples composed of location and elevation at one point. An index of triples is built to store all of the locations of terminal vertices row-by-row and thus the random access of any point is achieved by using the offsets in each row. Two commonly applied viewshed algorithms, namely, “reference plane” and “Xdraw” algorithms are employed to verify the performance. In addition, two experiments focus on evaluating the efficiency performance and comparing traditional implementation, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared with the sequential computing method. The memory usage gradually decreases as the number of processors increases. Based on the equal-area decomposition, partitions in terms of sectors can guarantee a suitable load balance. Additional benefits of the proposed solution also include high storage efficiency and program portability.     

闽江口水域浑浊带划分的遥感分析

本文以10幅1975～1987年闽江口表层悬浮泥沙遥感定量分布圈为主要依据,对闽江口浑浊带进行划分。结果表明,它可划分为高浑浊带、中浑浊带(变化浑浊带)和低浑浊带,反映了潮控河口表层悬浮泥沙依潮相的周期性变化、随潮位的瞬时变化、受控于径流作用的季节性变化以及波浪效应、近海水系牵动和水下地形制约的含量变化。闽江口内、外拦门沙主体处于变化浑浊带,水体中的泥沙负载常显现“不饱和”状态,为拦门沙的治理提供了有利的条件。