全文获取类型
收费全文 | 605篇 |
免费 | 23篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 27篇 |
大气科学 | 128篇 |
地球物理 | 106篇 |
地质学 | 248篇 |
海洋学 | 21篇 |
天文学 | 77篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
自然地理 | 22篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 10篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 14篇 |
2016年 | 22篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 44篇 |
2012年 | 36篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 20篇 |
2009年 | 36篇 |
2008年 | 27篇 |
2007年 | 30篇 |
2006年 | 13篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 7篇 |
2003年 | 16篇 |
2002年 | 14篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
1960年 | 3篇 |
1959年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 3篇 |
1955年 | 5篇 |
1952年 | 6篇 |
1951年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有631条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
161.
Synthesis of refractory metal nuggets and constraints on the thermal histories of nugget‐bearing Ca,Al‐rich inclusions 下载免费PDF全文
Tiny refractory metal nuggets are mainly observed inside Ca, Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs) from chondritic meteorites and are commonly assumed to be condensates from a solar composition gas. However, recent detailed studies of metal nugget compositions and their comparison with predictions from condensation show that the observed abundance patterns are extremely difficult to achieve in this way. As a test for the proposed alternative, precipitation from a silicate liquid, we conducted melting experiments, in which nine different refractory metals (nugget components) were equilibrated with each other along with a CAI‐like liquid at reducing conditions. When quenched, minerals similar to those in CAIs formed from such liquids including refractory metal nuggets exhibiting compositions and appearances similar to those of the meteoritic nuggets. The run products and their comparison with a meteoritic nugget‐bearing CAI is evidence for formation of refractory metal nuggets during cooling of Ca, Al‐rich liquids at rates about 1000°/40 s (in the interval from 1900 to 900 °C). To achieve the formation of refractory metal nuggets and the textures observed in the host inclusions, during cooling the rate probably changed. Refractory metal nuggets apparently formed during quenching before spinel crystallized. 相似文献
162.
Recent results from an enhanced greenhouse-gas scenario over Europe suggest that climate change might not only imply a general mean warming at the surface, but also a pronounced increase in interannual surface temperature variability during the summer season (Schär et al., Nature 427:332–336, 2004). It has been proposed that the underlying physical mechanism is related to land surface-atmosphere interactions. In this study we expand the previous analysis by including results from a heterogeneous ensemble of 11 high-resolution climate models from the PRUDENCE project. All simulations considered comprise 30-year control and enhanced greenhouse-gas scenario periods. While there is considerable spread in the models’ ability to represent the observed summer variability, all models show some increase in variability for the scenario period, confirming the main result of the previous study. Averaged over a large-scale Central European domain, the models simulate an increase in the standard deviation of summer mean temperatures between 20 and 80%. The amplification occurs predominantly over land points and is particularly pronounced for surface temperature, but also evident for precipitation. It is also found that the simulated changes in Central European summer conditions are characterized by an emergence of dry and warm years, with early and intensified depletion of root-zone soil moisture. There is thus some evidence that the change in variability may be linked to the dynamics of soil-moisture storage and the associated feedbacks on the surface energy balance and precipitation. 相似文献
163.
Observations of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 around the Deep Impact event by the OSIRIS cameras onboard Rosetta
Horst Uwe Keller Sonia Fornasier Stubbe F. Hviid Jörg Knollenberg Miriam Rengel Gabriele Cremonese Detlef Koschny Ekkehard Kührt Holger Sierks Cesare Barbieri Hans Rickman Michael F. A'Hearn Maria-Antonella Barucci Vania da Deppo Björn J.R. Davidsson Stefano Debei Fritz Gliem José J. Lopez Moreno Giampiero Naletto Angel Sanz Andrés 《Icarus》2007,187(1):87-103
The OSIRIS cameras on the Rosetta spacecraft observed Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 5 days before to 10 days after it was hit by the Deep Impact projectile. The Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) monitored the cometary dust in 5 different filters. The Wide Angle Camera (WAC) observed through filters sensitive to emissions from OH, CN, Na, and OI together with the associated continuum. Before and after the impact the comet showed regular variations in intensity. The period of the brightness changes is consistent with the rotation period of Tempel 1. The overall brightness of Tempel 1 decreased by about 10% during the OSIRIS observations. The analysis of the impact ejecta shows that no new permanent coma structures were created by the impact. Most of the material moved with . Much of it left the comet in the form of icy grains which sublimated and fragmented within the first hour after the impact. The light curve of the comet after the impact and the amount of material leaving the comet ( of water ice and a presumably larger amount of dust) suggest that the impact ejecta were quickly accelerated by collisions with gas molecules. Therefore, the motion of the bulk of the ejecta cannot be described by ballistic trajectories, and the validity of determinations of the density and tensile strength of the nucleus of Tempel 1 with models using ballistic ejection of particles is uncertain. 相似文献
164.
To decipher the thermal structure of the sedimentary veneer in southern Israel, new values of thermal conductivity and porosity as well as of the radiogenic heat budget are provided. Thermal conductivity is measured for lithotypes and scaled up for geological formations. The new data are higher than most of the previously measured values, in particular for sandstones and siltstones, whose mean values are 5.0 and 2.9 W m?1 K?1. Mean values of the most abundant lithotypes, which are dolomites and limestones, are on the order of 4.1 and 2.7 W m?1 K?1, respectively. The total radiogenic heat production of the sedimentary cover varies slightly over southern Israel, due to variable lithology and total sediment thickness, yielding a maximum heat flow on the order of 4 mW m?2 where the sedimentary section is thickest (ca. 7 km). A temperature prognosis was made by calculating temperature profiles to the top of the crystalline basement at five well locations applying the new thermal‐conductivity data set and three scenarios of surface heat flow (50, 55 and 60 mW m?2). The calculated temperatures best match with measured drillstem‐test temperatures by using heat‐flow values close to the upper bound of range. Surface heat flow on the order of 55–60 mW m?2 is supported by a reevaluation of an existing temperature log and the application of thermal conductivity from this study. The temperature prediction for southern Israel shows values of 100–120°C at 3500–4500 m depth, indicating a geothermal potential that can be used for heating as well as electricity production. 相似文献
165.
Hosein Haghi Holger Baumgardt Pavel Kroupa Eva K. Grebel Michael Hilker Katrin Jordi 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(3):1549-1557
We investigate the mean velocity dispersion and the velocity dispersion profile of stellar systems in modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), using the N -body code n-mody , which is a particle-mesh-based code with a numerical MOND potential solver developed by Ciotti, Londrillo & Nipoti. We have calculated mean velocity dispersions for stellar systems following Plummer density distributions with masses in the range of 104 to 109 M⊙ and which are either isolated or immersed in an external field. Our integrations reproduce previous analytic estimates for stellar velocities in systems in the deep MOND regime ( a i , a e ≪ a 0 ) , where the motion of stars is either dominated by internal accelerations ( a i ≫ a e ) or constant external accelerations ( a e ≫ a i ) . In addition, we derive for the first time analytic formulae for the line-of-sight velocity dispersion in the intermediate regime ( a i ∼ a e ∼ a 0 ) . This allows for a much-improved comparison of MOND with observed velocity dispersions of stellar systems. We finally derive the velocity dispersion of the globular cluster Pal 14 as one of the outer Milky Way halo globular clusters that have recently been proposed as a differentiator between Newtonian and MONDian dynamics. 相似文献
166.
Aggeliki Dandou Maria Tombrou Klaus Schäfer Stefan Emeis Anna P. Protonotariou Elissavet Bossioli Nikolaos Soulakellis Peter Suppan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(3):425-440
An attempt is made to correlate the mixing heights, derived from ceilometer and Sodar measurements, to those simulated by
different atmospheric boundary-layer parameterization schemes. The comparison is performed at two sites (one suburban and
one rural) close to Munich, Germany for two spring and two winter days. It is found that, under convective conditions, the
mixing height determined, by both Sodar and ceilometer, corresponds to the middle or the top of the entrainment zone, respectively,
as calculated from the eddy-viscosity profiles. Under stable conditions, the measured mixing height is related to the height
where eddy viscosities attain their minimum values (Sodar) or to the height of residual mechanical turbulence (ceilometer).
During a foehn case with weak turbulence, the measured mixing height from both Sodar and ceilometer is better inferred by
considering the eddy-viscosity profiles during daytime and the height of the low-level jet during nighttime. 相似文献
167.
Boundedness of Turbulent Temperature Probability Distributions,and their Relation to the Vertical Profile in the Convective Boundary Layer 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Alexander Graf Dirk Schüttemeyer Heiner Geiß Axel Knaps Michael Möllmann-Coers Jan H. Schween Stefan Kollet Bruno Neininger Michael Herbst Harry Vereecken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,134(3):459-486
Higher-order moments, minima and maxima of turbulent temperature and water vapour mixing ratio probability density functions
measured with an eddy-covariance system near the ground were related to each other and to vertical boundary-layer profiles
of the same scalars obtained through airborne soundings. The dependence of kurtosis on squared skewness showed a kurtosis
intercept below the Gaussian expectation, suggesting a compression of the probability density function by the presence of
natural boundaries. This hypothesis was corroborated by comparing actual minima and maxima of turbulent fluctuations to estimates
obtained from the first four sample moments by fitting a four-parameter beta distribution. The most sharply defined boundaries
were found for the minima of temperature datasets during the day, indicating that negative temperature fluctuations at the
sensor are limited by the availability of lower temperatures in the boundary layer. By comparison to vertical profiles, it
could be verified that the turbulent minimum of temperature near the ground is close to the minimum of potential temperature
in the boundary layer. The turbulent minimum of water vapour mixing ratio was found to be equal to the mixing ratio at a height
above the minimum of the temperature profile. This height roughly agrees with the top of the non-local unstable domain according
to bulk Richardson number profiles. We conclude that turbulence statistics measured near the surface cannot be solely explained
by local effects, but contain information about the whole boundary layer including the entrainment zone. 相似文献
168.
A map depicting predicted classes of soil magnetic susceptibility in Angola was produced. The map is based on a classification
system for the susceptibility of tropical soils set up by the authors and a 1:2,000,000 scale FAO soil map. Statistical data
of two large groups of parent rock—ultrabasic, basic and intermediate igneous rocks on the one hand and acid igneous rocks
and some slightly metamorphosed rocks and clastic sediments on the other—had been linked to three associated degrees of weathering.
These determining factors were used to classify Angolan soils, and the overall method is semi-quantitative. The resulting
map shows that easily available pedological information as given by FAO soil maps is generally appropriate to predict soil
magnetic susceptibility. Potential metal detector performance failures may be predicted. The resulting information is a useful
tool for planning the use of appropriate techniques in landmine clearance operations. 相似文献
169.
Holger Klein 《Ocean Dynamics》1995,47(2):77-92
Summary A bottom mounted BroadBand ADCP was deployed for about two months in the German Bight (54° 15.3′, N, 7° 35.5′ E) at 40 m depth.
The ADCP recorded current data and echo intensity between 3 and 38m depth with a vertical resolution of 1 m. The data, which
provide continuous vertical current profiles, are investigated with regard to the vertical variations of residual and tidal
currents and kinetic energies. To investigate the temporal variability of the current profiles, the time series are subdivided
into 8-day intervals. Furthermore, the data are compared with historical data. According to the ADCP profiles, the water column
can be subdivided into three layers: A primarily wind-driven near-surface layer (∼10m), a middepth layer with great directional
variability, and a near-bottom layer of about 10 m thickness with a strictly logarithmic current profile.
über das Stromprofil in der Deutschen Bucht: Eine zweimonatige BroadBand ADCP Zeitserie mit hoher vertikaler Aufl?sung
Zusammenfassung Ein am Boden stehender BroadBand ADCP wurde für zwei Monate in der Deutschen Bucht (54° 15.3′ N, 7° 35.5′ E) in 40 m Wassertiefe eingesetzt. Er registrierte Str?mungsdaten und Echointensit?t zwischen 3 und 38 m Wassertiefe mit einer vertikalen Aufl?sung von 1 m. Dieser Datensatz, der kontinuierliche vertikale Stromprofile liefert, wird hinsichtlich der vertikalen Variation von Rest- und Gezeitenstr?men und kinetischer Energie analysiert. Zur Untersuchung der zeitlichen Variabilit?t der Stromprofile wird die Gesamtzeitserie in 8-Tage-Intervalle unterteilt. Ferner werden die Ergebnisse mit historischen Messungen verglichen. Aus den ADCP-Profilen ergibt sich eine prinzipielle Dreiteilung der Wassers?ule: Eine vorwiegend windgetriebene oberfl?chennahe Schicht (∼10m), eine mittlere Schicht mit hoher Richtungsvariabilit?t und eine etwa 10 m m?chtige Bodenschicht mit streng logarithmischem Stromprofil.相似文献
170.