PPGIS实现的难点探讨

大众参与地理信息系统(PPGIS)属于GIS技术应用之一,主要强调普通民众的群体参与,以帮助政府、规划等职能部门更好地进行决策和计划。本文着重从技术、公众权利保障性、数据三个方面论述了实现PPGIS项目中主要的难点和核心问题。     

海高斯”登陆海南西藏遭遇强降雪——2008年10月——

10月,全国平均气温较常年同期偏高1.1℃,平均月降水量较常年同期偏多6.4mm;上旬,0817号台风海高斯先后登陆海南和广东,部分省出现暴雨灾害;上中旬,东北、江南、西南及内蒙古等地的部分地区气象干旱发展;下旬,全国遭遇大范围降温,其中西藏遭遇强降雪天气;此外我国东部和南部的部分地区出现大雾天气.     

登陆热带风暴Bilis（2006）暴雨特征及其可能原因

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°格点再分析资料、FY-2C TBB（black bright temperature）资料及中国740站降水资料,对0604号强热带风暴Bilis登陆后的暴雨特征及其可能原因进行诊断分析,结果表明：（1）Bilis登陆过程中强降水中心位于风暴中心西北侧沿岸,主要影响福建和浙江两省;进入内陆后强降水中心向风暴中心以西转移,最后在风暴中心西南侧聚集,主要影响广东东北部、福建、江西和湖南南部。（2）西北太平洋副热带高压的稳定少动为Bilis陆上西行过程中产生持续性降水提供了稳定的背景场。（3）Bilis西南部季风环流的发展增强为Bilis登陆后强降水的产生提供了必要的水汽条件。（4）涡合并和自激增长形成的中尺度系统与风暴涡旋的相互作用,是Bilis登陆后产生强降水的可能机制。     

全球气候模式对宁夏区域未来气候变化的情景模拟分析

利用多个全球气候模式(GCM)的情景模拟结果分析只考虑温室气体效应的IS92a GG情景和同时考虑温室气体效应和硫化物气溶胶辐射效应的IS92aGS情景以及SRESA2、B2情景下宁夏区域21世纪地面气温和降水量的可能变化,并进行不确定性分析。气候基准时段(1961~1990年)模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明,GCM对宁夏气候具有一定的模拟能力;整体上讲,GCM对地面气温的模拟值偏低,对降水量的模拟值偏高,其中ECHAM4和HadCM3对宁夏基准时段地面气温和降水量的模拟结果与观测比较接近。各GCM模拟值的平均结果显示,4种温室气体排放情景下21世纪宁夏区域气温持续升高,至21世纪末宁夏升温幅度可达4~6℃,与全国平均的增温幅度大致相当;与升温趋势相应的是降水量的增加,但降水变化呈现出很大的波动性,至21世纪末宁夏的降水变化幅度可达10%~40%。各个GCM模拟的宁夏气候变化的总趋势是一致的,但各模式在不同情景下模拟结果的差异很大,存在较大的不确定性。     

南极采用飞艇进行航空摄影测量的可行性探讨

随着我国对南极科考工作的加强,迫切需要新的高精度的地形图资料。而由于南极特殊地域的限制,要求作业时间要尽可能地短,基于这种情况,在南极两站地区采用飞艇航摄手段获取高精度的两站地形图将成为最佳的可行手段。     

The δ13C–δ18O variations in marble in the Hida Belt,Japan

Marble has a great potential to understand a history of various geological events occurring during tectonic processes. In order to decode metamorphic–metasomatic records on C–O isotope compositions of marble at mid-crustal conditions, we conducted a C–O–Sr isotope study on upper amphibolite-facies marbles and a carbonate–silicate rock from the Hida Belt, which was once a part of the crustal basement of the East Asian continental margin. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of calcite from marbles (Kamioka area) and a carbonate–silicate rock (Wadagawa area) show a large variation of δ¹³C [VPDB] and δ¹⁸O [VSMOW] values (from −4.4 to +4.2 ‰ and +1.6 to +20.8 ‰, respectively). The low δ¹³C values of calcites from the carbonate–silicate rock (from −4.4 to −2.9 ‰) can be explained by decarbonation (CO₂ releasing) reactions; carbon–oxygen isotope modeling suggests that a decrease of δ¹³C strongly depends on the amount of silicate reacting with carbonates. The occurrence of metamorphic clinopyroxene in marbles indicates that all samples have been affected by decarbonation reactions. All δ¹⁸O values of calcites are remarkably lower than the marine-carbonate values. The large δ¹⁸O variation can be explained by the isotope exchange via interactions between marble, external fluids, and/or silicates. Remarkably low δ¹⁸O values of marbles that are lower than mantle value (~+5 ‰) suggest the interaction with meteoric water at a later stage. Sr isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.707255–0.708220) might be close to their protolith values. One zircon associated with wollastonite in a marble thin-section yields a U–Pb age of 222 ± 3 Ma, which represents the timing of the recrystallization of marble, triggered by H₂O-rich fluid infiltration at a relatively high-temperature condition. Our isotope study implies that the upper amphibolite-facies condition, like the Hida Belt, might be appropriate to cause decarbonation reactions which can modify original isotope compositions of marble if carbonates react with silicates.     

Ordovician Granitoids and Silurian Mafic Dikes in the Western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest China: Implications for Evolution of the Proto-Tethys

The western Kunlun orogen in the northwest Tibet Plateau is related to subduction and collision of Proto-and Paleo-Tethys from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. This paper presents new LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopes, whole-rock major and trace elements, and Sr–Nd isotopes of two Ordovician granitoid plutons(466–455 Ma) and their Silurian mafic dikes(～436 Ma) in the western Kunlun orogen. These granitoids show peraluminous high-K calcalkaline characteristics, with(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i value of 0.7129–0.7224, ε_Nd(t) values of -9.3 to -7.0 and zircon ε_Hf(t) values of -17.3 to -0.2, indicating that they were formed by partial melting of ancient lower-crust(metaigneous rocks mixed with metasedimentary rocks) with some mantle materials in response to subduction of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean and following collision. The Silurian mafic dikes were considered to have been derived from a low degree of partial melting of primary mafic magma. These mafic dikes show initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7101–0.7152 and ε_Nd(t) values of -3.8 to -3.4 and zircon ε_Hf(t) values of -8.8 to -4.9, indicating that they were derived from enriched mantle in response to post-collisional slab break-off. Combined with regional geology, our new data provide valuable insight into late evolution of the Proto-Tethys.     

Late Triassic granites from the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,the Dahongliutan example: petrogenesis and tectonic implications for the evolution of the Kangxiwa Palaeo-Tethys

The Dahongliutan granitic pluton consists of two-mica granites and is located in the eastern part of the Western Kunlun Orogen, northwestern Tibetan Plateau. Zircon separates from the pluton yield a SIMS U–Pb age of 217.5 ± 2.8 Ma. Rocks from the pluton contain relatively high and uniform SiO₂ (72.32–73.48 wt%) and total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O = 8.07–8.67 wt%) and are peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic in composition. The Dahongliutan granites are relatively depleted in the high-field-strength elements and the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and have relatively high Rb, and low Ba and Sr concentrations. They contain low total rare earth element (REE) concentrations. The light REEs are strongly enriched relative to the HREEs, with (La/Yb)_N values of 28.56–37.01. The ε_Nd(t) values range from ?10.6 to ?8.8, and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7142–0.7210. Zircons from the pluton yield ε_Hf(t) values of ?13.8 to ?1.6, and δ¹⁸O = 10.5–11.6‰. Petrographic and geochemical features of the pluton indicate that the granites are S-type and were derived from parting melting of a mixture of metasedimentary and minor metaigneous sources in the middle–lower crust. Magmatic differentiation was dominated by the fractional crystallization of plagioclase, K-feldspar, muscovite, biotite, and accessory monazite, allanite, and Fe–Ti oxides. Regional granitoids were emplaced in the Early-to-Middle Triassic. Other younger granitoids, with ages of 240–200 Ma, are mostly I-type in character and were likely derived from multiple types of source rock, suggesting the source was heterogeneous Triassic crust. Such a scenario is consistent with their formation in a post-collisional setting. Our new data, combined with other geological evidence, suggest that the collision between the Tianshuihai and southern Kunlun terranes occurred between ca. 250 and 240 Ma, resulting in the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys. Post-collisional tectono-magmatic events may have occurred between 240 and 200 Ma.     

杭州商业街道空间布局形态关键要素对周边风环境的影响

利用基于计算流体力学（CFD）理论的数值模拟软件,在不影响街道连续性面貌的前提下,通过控制变量法分别改变街道贴线率、街道界面密度、街道高宽比3个关键要素的数值来观察街道风环境的变化情况。结论主要有： 街道内的风速大小随着街道贴线率的增大呈抛物线趋势变化,先增大后减小,在街道贴线率接近70%时,城市街道内风速达到最大; 随着界面密度的不断减小,城市街道内各个测点的风速变化的幅度越来越大,这样会让在其中行走的行人感受到强烈的风速变化,舒适度大为下降; 城市街道内的平均风速和街道高宽比成反比例关系。     

“7·20”华北强暴雨集合预报的中期预报转折和不确定性分析

中央气象台主观预报和数值模式对2016年7月20日华北强暴雨过程的中期预报出现了一定的误差,本文利用ECMWF(简称EC)集合预报和T639集合预报等资料对"7·20"华北强暴雨过程的中期预报效果进行了分析,结果发现:(1)EC集合预报在7月16日前后对降雨区及强度的预报出现了明显转折,其因是大尺度影响天气系统的预报发生了转折性变化,7月16日20:00起报的环流形势集合平均场对比15日20:00起报场显示,在河套地区附近500hPa低槽发展更深,其下游华北高压脊也更强,形成了移动缓慢"东高西低"的环流型,黄河气旋及中低层西南涡北抬加强,导致降雨预报更接近于实况;(2)集合敏感性分析发现对降雨中期预报敏感的区域与转折前后预报的环流差异的分布型一致,引起降雨预报转折的影响系统也是降雨中期预报不确定性的来源;(3)对于降雨预报最敏感的环流系统是黄河气旋,集合成员预报的黄河气旋偏西偏北,强度越强,则预报的京津冀地区降水量越大。