正交实验法在测绘中的应用

以检测数字水准仪及标尺综合精度为例，介绍了正交实验法在测绘领域中的应用。     

姿态型GPS在无线电罗盘试飞中的应用

无线电罗盘是飞机常备的导航设备之一。阐述了姿态型GPS在无线电罗盘飞行试验中应用的有关问题，介绍了利用姿态型GPS鉴定无线电罗盘方位精度和作用距离的方法。     

NLOS GPS signal detection using a dual-polarisation antenna

The reception of indirect signals, either in the form of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception or multipath interference, is a major cause of GNSS position errors in urban environments. We explore the potential of using dual-polarisation antenna technology for detecting and mitigating the reception of NLOS signals and severe multipath interference. The new technique computes the value of the carrier-power-to-noise-density (C/N ₀) measurements from left-hand circular polarised outputs subtracted from the right-hand circular polarised C/N ₀ counterpart. If this quality is negative, NLOS signal reception is assumed. If the C/N ₀ difference is positive, but falls below a threshold based on its lower bound in an open-sky environment, severe multipath interference is assumed. Results from two experiments are presented. Open-field testing was first performed to characterise the antenna behaviour and determine a suitable multipath detection threshold. The techniques were then tested in a dense urban area. Using the new method, two signals in the urban data were identified as NLOS-only reception during the occupation period at one station, while the majority of the remaining signals present were subject to a mixture of NLOS reception and severe multipath interference. The point positioning results were dramatically improved by excluding the detected NLOS measurements. The new technique is suited to a wide range of static ground applications based on our results.     

Fusion of high-resolution DEMs derived from COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X InSAR datasets

Voids caused by shadow, layover, and decorrelation usually occur in digital elevation models (DEMs) of mountainous areas that are derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. The presence of voids degrades the quality and usability of the DEMs. Thus, void removal is considered as an integral part of the DEM production using InSAR data. The fusion of multiple DEMs has been widely recognized as a promising way for the void removal. Because the vertical accuracy of multiple DEMs can be different, the selection of optimum weights becomes a key problem in the fusion and is studied in this article. As a showcase, two high-resolution InSAR DEMs near Mt. Qilian in northwest China are created and then merged. The two pairs of InSAR data were acquired by TerraSAR-X from an ascending orbit and COSMO-SkyMed from a descending orbit. A maximum likelihood fusion scheme with the weights optimally determined by the height of ambiguity and the variance of phase noise is adopted to syncretize the two DEMs in our study. The fused DEM has a fine spatial resolution of 10 m and depicts the landform of the study area well. The percentage of void cells in the fused DEM is only 0.13 %, while 6.9 and 5.7 % of the cells in the COSMO-SkyMed DEM and the TerraSAR-X DEM are originally voids. Using the ICESat/GLAS elevation data and the Chinese national DEM of scale 1:50,000 as references, we evaluate vertical accuracy levels of the fused DEM as well as the original InSAR DEMs. The results show that substantial improvements could be achieved by DEM fusion after atmospheric phase screen removal. The quality of fused DEM can even meet the high-resolution terrain information (HRTI) standard.     

Automatic placement of GIS vector map annotation in area feature by long-diagonal

This paper discusses the placement of Chinese annotation from point of view of graphics. Area Feature is classified as simple polygon, complex polygon and special polygon. For simple ones, annotations are placed along the longest edge. For complex ones, firstly the polygon are simplified according to close points, then the longest diagonal is gotten by comparing length, lastly, annotations are placed along long-diagonal. For special ones, the polygon are partitioned into several parts by a certain rule for getting their sub-diagonals, then their annotation are placed by means of the second.     

Statistical diagnosis and gross error test for semiparametric linear model

This paper systematically studies the statistical diagnosis and hypothesis testing for the semiparametric linear regression model according to the theories and methods of the statistical diagnosis and hypothesis testing for parametric regression model. Several diagnostic measures and the methods for gross error testing are derived. Especially, the global and local influence analysis of the gross error on the parameter X and the nonparameter s are discussed in detail; at the same time, the paper proves that the data point deletion model is equivalent to the mean shift model for the semiparametric regression model. Finally, with one simulative computing example, some helpful conclusions are drawn.     

Algorithm for generating dem based on cone

Digital elevation model (DEM) has a variety of applications in GIS and CAD. It is the basic model for generating three-dimensional terrain feature. Generally speaking, there are two methods for building DEM. One is based upon the digital terrain model of discrete points, and is characterized by fast speed and low precision. The other is based upon triangular digital terrain model, and slow speed and high precision are the features of the method. Combining the advantages of the two methods, an algorithm for generating DEM with discrete points is presented in this paper. When interpolating elevation, this method can create a triangle which includes interpolating point and the elevation of the interpolating point can be obtained from the traingle. The method has the advantage of fast speed, high precision and less memory.     

Estimation of hourly and daily evapotranspiration and soil moisture using downscaled LST over various urban surfaces

Surface moisture is important to link land surface temperature (LST) to people’s thermal comfort. In urban areas, the surface roughness from buildings and urban trees impacts wind speed, and consequently surface moisture. To find the role of surface roughness in surface moisture estimation, we developed methods to estimate daily and hourly evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture, based on a case study of Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. In order to capture the spatial and temporal variations of LST, hourly and daily LST was produced by downscaling techniques. Given the heterogeneity in urban areas, fractions of vegetation, soil, and impervious surfaces were calculated. To describe the urban morphology, surface roughness parameters were calculated from digital elevation model (DEM), digital surface model (DSM), and Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Two source energy balance (TSEB) model was employed to generate ET, and the temperature vegetation index (TVX) method was used to calculate soil moisture. Stable hourly soil moisture fluctuated from 15% to 20%, and daily soil moisture increased due to precipitation and decreased due to seasonal temperature change. ET over soil, vegetation, and impervious surface in the urban areas yielded different patterns in response to precipitation. The surface roughness from high-rise has bigger influence on ET in central urban areas.     

对新疆土地生态环境保护的思考

新疆幅员辽阔,总面积为1.6×106km2,占我国国土总面积的1/6。但新疆远离海洋,气候干燥,沙漠面积7.3×105km2,占全国沙漠总面积的2/3。生态环境脆弱,直接威胁人们的生存环境。本文叙述了新疆土地荒漠化的现状及成因和危害;开荒造田的历程;开荒造田中的经验和教训,指出了新疆土地生态环境保护中存在的主要矛盾和问题,并提出了思考和建议。     

GPS PPK远距离在航潮位测量及其在航道的实现

在分析传统潮位测量方法、潮位模型及GPS RTK潮位测量缺陷的基础上,给出GPS PPK远距离在航潮位测量的方法。系统地研究GPS PPK在航潮位测量、数据处理的基本理论和流程,并对潮位测量和数据处理中的GPS PPK高程质量控制、船舶姿态改正、动态吃水改正、潮位数据提取、垂直基准转换5个关键问题进行深入研究,最终确定测量船测量期间的在航潮位。试验结果表明,GPS PPK在航潮位测量方法具有实施简便、精度较高及稳定、可靠、作用距离长等优势,可广泛应用于航道在航潮位测量中。