The role of some regional factors in the assessment of well yields from hard-rock aquifers of Fennoscandia

The attributes of about 13,600 hard-rock water wells were arranged in three profiles parallel to gradients of typical regional factors. These factors are thought to be of importance to groundwater yield from wells in the Fennoscandian crust and were subjected to a statistical analysis. The regional factors comprise annual rate of postglacial crustal uplift and annual average precipitation, whereas soil type, soil depth, and bedrock type are considered sub-regional and local factors. There is no clear trend in well yield along the regional gradients. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that for the typical regional variables, the rate of postglacial uplift and average annual precipitation explain not more than 11% of the observed variation in well yields. Some of these factors, and other factors not included in this study, work in opposite directions and may cancel each other out. It is concluded that other, more local factors, such as well depth, proximity to fracture-related lineaments and topography, have a greater influence on well yields in this area.

---

Resumen Se ha recogido los atributos de aguas subterráneas con 13.600 años de antigüedad en tres perfiles perpendiculares a los gradientes de los factores regionales típicos, las cuales son captadas por pozos perforados en rocas duras. Se cree que estos factores tienen importancia en el rendimiento de los pozos realizados en la corteza de Fenoscandia, y han sido analizados estadísticamente. Los factores regionales comprenden la tasa anual de alzamiento postglacial y la precipitación media anual, mientras que el tipo y la profundidad del suelo, y el tipo de roca madre, son tratados como factores sub-regionales y locales. No se aprecia una tendencia clara en el rendimiento de los pozos a lo largo de los gradientes regionales. Los resultados del análisis estadístico indican que, para las variables regionales típicas, la tasa de alzamiento postglacial y la precipitación media anual explican como mucho el 11,2% de las variaciones observadas en el rendimiento de los pozos. Algunos de estos factores, así como otros no incluidos en el estudio, son de signo opuesto y pueden llegar a compensarse. Se concluye que factores diferentes, de escala más local, tales como la proximidad a lineamientos correlacionados con fracturas o la topografía, pueden afectar de forma más importante al rendimiento de los pozos en esta zona.

---

Résumé Les propriétés d'environ 13,600 puits d'extraction d'eau souterraine dans le socle ont été réparties selon trois profils disposés perpendiculairement aux gradients de facteurs régionaux typiques. Ces facteurs sont considérés comme étant importants pour les rendements des puits dans le bouclier fenno-scandien et ont été soumis à une analyse statistique. Les facteurs régionaux sont le taux de soulèvement postglaciaire et les précipitations moyennes annuelles, alors que le type et l'épaisseur de sol, le type de substratum sont des facteurs sub-régionaux et locaux. Il n'existe pas de tendance dans le rendement des puits selon les gradients régionaux. Les résultats de l'analyse statistique indiquent que pour les variables régionales typiques, le taux de soulèvement postglaciaire et les précipitations moyennes annuelles n'expliquent pas plus de 11,2% de la variation observée du rendement des puits. Certains de ces facteurs, ainsi que d'autres non pris en compte dans cette étude, jouent dans des directions opposées et peuvent s'annuler l'un l'autre. En conclusion, d'autres facteurs, plus locaux, tels que la proximité de linéaments corrélés aux fractures et la topographie peuvent avoir une grande importance pour le rendement des puits dans cette région.

     

Inception of the Northern European ice sheet due to contrasting ocean and insolation forcing

About 115,000 yr ago the last interglacial reached its terminus and nucleation of new ice-sheet growth was initiated. Evidence from the northernmost Nordic Seas indicate that the inception of the last glacial was related to an intensification of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in its northern limb. The enhanced AMOC, combined with minimum Northern hemisphere insolation, introduced a strong sea-land thermal gradient that, together with a strong wintertime latitudinal insolation gradient, increased the storminess and moisture transport to the high Northern European latitudes at a time when the Northern hemisphere summer insolation approached its minimum.     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

Habitat Selection and Ecology of Two Speleophilic Gobiid Fishes(Pisces: Gobiidae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea

The life habits and microhabitat selection of speleophilic gobiid fishes were investigated on the Balearic Island of Ibiza (western Mediterranean Sea). Corcyrogobius liechtensteini (Kolombatović, 1891) was the most frequent species within submarine crevices, cavities and caves. Didogobius splechtnai Ahnelt & Patzner, 1995 co-occurred with C. liechtensteini in several cases but showed a clear spatial separation based on a different microhabitat preference. The microhabitat selection of both species was confirmed by habitat-choice experiments in anaquarium. Corcyrogobius liechtensteini was frequent in depths between 5 m and 25 m and attained abundances of 14.2 individuals · m⁻². This species inhabited the ceilings and upper parts of the walls within the caves. D. splechtnai was mainly found between 7 m and 11 m and showed abundances of approximately 2 indivi-duals · m⁻². This species occupied the fine sediment bottoms in the innermost parts of crevices and caves. The growth and the maximum age of both species were determined by length-frequency distributions. The overall sex ratio from catches of three different years are given for C. liechtensteini .     

Nannoplankton successions in the northern Red Sea during the last glaciation (60 to 14.5 ka BP): Reactions to climate change

Due to its restricted connection with the Indian Ocean, the desert-enclosed Red Sea is extremely sensitive to global sea level changes and thus ideally suited for paleoceanographic studies of what occurred during the last glaciation. The understanding of its glacial history is, however, still limited. A serious obstacle to obtain satisfactory paleoecological information has been the rarity of microfossil proxy species caused by high salinities. Here, we present a continuous and well-dated calcareous nannoplankton record from the northern Red Sea, covering the interval from 60–14.5 ka BP. Our investigation shows that the composition of the calcareous nannoplankton community varied between  32 ka BP and 14.5 ka BP in response to rapid environmental changes which are closely correlated to climatic fluctuations described from the North Atlantic region. Heinrich events H3, H2 and H1 are dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. Gephyrocapsa oceanica and especially Gephyrocapsa ericsonii are abundant between H3–H2 and H2–H1. A less pronounced response of the calcareous nannoplankton to the high latitudinal climatic oscillations is documented prior to  32 ka BP, suggesting that a strong atmospheric coupling between the northern Red Sea and the North Atlantic realm was established in the late Marine Isotope Stage 3. In contrast to the previously held view of a sea level related salinity increase as the major cause for changes of the plankton communities within the glacial Red Sea, we interpret the documented variations as being caused by local hydrographic changes under the atmospheric control from the extratropics. Temperature changes and especially variations of the water stratification appear to be critical selective factors for the calcareous nannoplankton composition.     

Gravity currents down canyons: effects of rotation

The flow of dense water in a V-shaped laboratory-scale canyon is investigated by using a non-hydrostatic numerical ocean model with focus on the effects of rotation. By using a high-resolution model, a more detailed analysis of plumes investigated in the laboratory (Deep-Sea Res I 55:1021–1034 2008) for laminar flow is facilitated. The inflow rates are also increased to investigate plume structure for higher Reynolds numbers. With rotation, the plumes will lean to the side of the canyon, and there will be cross-canyon geostrophic currents and Ekman transports. In the present study, it is found that the cross-canyon velocities are approximately 5 % of the down-canyon velocities over the main body of the plume for the rotational case. With rotation, the flow of dense water through the body of the plume and into the plume head is reduced. The plume head becomes less developed, and the speed of advance of the head is reduced. Fluid parcels near the top of the plume will to a larger extent be left behind the faster flowing dense core of the plume in a rotating system. Near the top of the plume, the cross-canyon velocities change direction. Inside the plume, the cross-flow is up the side of the canyon, and above the interface to the ambient there is a compensating cross-flow down the side of the canyon. This means that parcels of fluid around the interface become separated. Parcels of fluid around the interface with small down-canyon velocity components and relative large cross-canyon components will follow a long helix-like path down the canyon. It is found that the entrainment coefficients often are larger in the rotational experiments than in corresponding experiments without rotation. The effects of rotation and higher inflow rates on the areal patterns of entrainment velocities are demonstrated. In particular, there are bands of higher entrainment velocities along the lateral edges of the plumes in the rotational cases.     

高纬度淡水强迫增强背景下大西洋经向翻转环流的响应及其机制

利用卑尔根海洋-大气-海冰耦合气候模式 (Bergen Climate Model, 简称BCM), 研究在北冰洋及北欧海淡水强迫增强的背景下, 大西洋经向翻转环流 (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, 简称AMOC) 的响应及其机制, 着重讨论了海表热力性质、 北大西洋深层水 (North Atlantic Deep Water, 简称NADW) 的生成率、 海洋内部等密度层间的垂直混合 (Diapycnal Mixing, 简称DM) 以及大气风场等物理过程随AMOC的响应所发生的时间演变特征.结果显示, 在持续150年增强 (强度为0.4 Sv) 的淡水强迫下 (淡水试验, FW1), AMOC的强度表现为前50年的快速减弱和在接下来100年中的逐渐恢复.同时, 在淡水试验的前50年北大西洋高纬度海表盐度 (Sea Surface Salinity, 简称SSS) 减小, 海水密度降低, 冬季对流混合减弱, 导致NADW生成率快速减弱; 在接下来的100年中, 尽管增强的淡水强迫依然维持, 由于海洋内部自身的调节和海气相互作用, 导致了AMOC的逐渐恢复.恢复机制可以概括为: (1) 随着向南的NADW的减少, 大西洋中低纬度海水垂直层结逐渐减弱, DM随之逐渐增强, 有利于中低纬度海盆内深层水的上升; (2) 南半球西风应力增强与东风应力的减弱及北半球东风的增强使得大西洋向北的埃克曼体积通量净传输恢复; (3) 大西洋向北的盐度传输逐渐恢复及次极地回旋区降水的减弱, 导致SSS和NADW生成率的恢复, 与之对应, AMOC逐渐恢复.研究还发现, 淡水试验中, NADW的恢复主要以厄尔明格海 (Irminger Sea) 为主, 冬季北大西洋海平面气压场 (SLP) 呈现类似正北大西洋涛动 (NAO+) 的模态, 热带降水中心移到赤道以南, 大西洋热带SSS增强.     

A preliminary study on the relationship between Arctic Oscillation and daily SLP variance in the Northern Hemisphere during wintertime

In the present study, the authors investigated the relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the high-frequency variability of daily sea level pressures in the Northern Hemisphere in winter (November through March), using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets for the time period of 1948/49-2000/01.High-frequency signals are defined as those with timescales shorter than three weeks and measured in terms of variance, for each winter for each grid. The correlations between monthly mean AO index and high-frequency variance are conducted. A predominant feature is that several regional centers with high correlation show up in the middle to high latitudes. Significant areas include mid- to high-latitude Asia centered at Siberia, northern Europe and the middle-latitude North Atlantic east of northern Africa. Theirs trong correlations can also be confirmed by the singular value decomposition analysis of covariance between mean SLP and high-frequency variance. This indicates that the relationship of AO with daily Sea Level Pressure (SLP) is confined to some specific regions in association with the inherent atmospheric dynamics. In middle-latitude Asia, there is a significant (at the 95% level) trend of variance of-2.26% (10yr)^-1. Another region that displays a strong trend is the northwestern Pacific with a significant rate of change of 0.80% (10 yr)^-1. If the winter of 1948/49, an apparent outlier, is excluded, a steady linear trend of 1.51% (10 yr)^-1 shows up in northern Europe. The variance probability density functions (PDFs) are found to change in association with different AO phases. The changes corresponding to high and low AO phases, however, are asymmetric in these regions. Some regions such as northern Europe display much stronger changes in high AO years, whereas some other regions such as Siberia show a stronger connection to low AO conditions. These features are supported by ECMWF reanalysis data. However, the dynamical mechanisms involved in the AO-high frequency SLP variance connection have not been well understood,and this needs further study.