Diffusion of hydrogen through platinum membranes at high pressures and temperatures

The diffusion of hydrogen through platinum membranes has been measured at 450, 500, 550 and 600°C at 2000 bar pressure, using the hydrogen sensor technique. Ag + AgCl + 3 M HC1 was the starting solution inside the platinum tube. Hydrogen diffuses out of the platinum tube into a system containing Fe₂O₃ + Fe₃O₄ + H₂O; that is, a solution with a fixed hydrogen fugacity. After quench, the drop in f_H2 inside the platinum tube was calculated from measurements of pH and chloride molality. f_H2 is initially roughly proportional to $\text{t}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$. Diffusion constants were calculated from these data by numerical integration, and the results can be expressed by logD (cm²/sec) = ? 5489.6/T, K - 4.648.     

Zur Diagenese fluviatiler Sandsteine

Are cement minerals that form during the first stages of diagenesis indicative of the environment of deposition? Discussions of fluvial, marine, and evaporitic sandstones of Triassic and Upper Carboniferous age (fig. 1) indicate that kaolinite, sudoite, and potassium feldspar cements can be regarded as characteristic of freshwater sandstones, whereas (early) chlorite, analcime and albite cements are found in marine and evaporitic sandstones mainly, provided that influences of meteoric water during diagenesis can be excluded. Humid climate favors kaolinite, arid favors potassium feldspar. Early diagenetic siderite concretions develop in coal swamps. Reddish biotites are not resistant during synsedimentary weathering in humid alluvial plains. As a consequence of increasing pH, temperature, and salinity of the interstitial fluids with increasing burial depth, common sequences of cementation include (1) silicates + quartz, (2) carbonates, (3) sulphates, (4) halite (fig. 3). The formation of quartz — the most important cement — is mainly governed by modifications of the micro-environment (e.g. pressure solution). In the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein, lithification due to quartz cementation occurred at a burial depth of about 1000–1200 m in alluvial as well as in brackisch to marine sandstones. Cementation by potassium feldspar (in the alluvial sandstones) and by analcime transforming into albite (in the brackish to evaporitic sandstones) occurred earlier. This was shown by investigations of minus-cement-porosity and contact strength (fig. 2).     

Petrogenesis of basement rocks of the upper rhine region elucidated by rubidium-strontium systematics

Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios have been plotted against time of formation for various rock-types in the Schwarzwald and Vosges basement areas. These data exhibit strong positive correlations between the two variables. The Schwarzwald data define two distinct trend lines on the diagram, for the time span 500 to 250 Ma ago. The first comprises the data from orthogneisses, diatexites and pre-tectonic granites and documents the Sr isotope evolution in the crust underlying the Sehwarzwald. This region of the crust had a ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratio of about 1. The other is delineated by data points from the post-tectonic plutons. These form a band corresponding to the development of closed systems with ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratios of between 10 and 20 as indicated by the slope of the band. The second trend is interpreted as resulting from the formation of large, stable, deep-seated magma chambers formed by segregation of anatectic melts during a phase of tectonism 330Ma ago. The high ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratios of these magmas arose by fractional crystallization, in response to tectonic decompression, during the coalescence of the presumedly water-saturated melts. Data for rocks from the Vosges, taken from the literature, form a single development line. Its slope corresponds to a ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr ratio of about 5 and the line is analogous to the second trend line defined by the Schwarzwald data. The differences in the Rb/Sr systematics between the two areas can be explained as resulting from the deeper level of erosion in the Vosges. An important implication for Rb/Sr studies is that co-magmatic rocks can have very different initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios so that discrepancies in this ratio between rock-types cannot be used to divide plutons into genetic suites. On the other hand essential information is contained in the Rb/Sr systematics of orogenic magmatic rocks, such as the Variscan plutons in the Schwarzwald, that cannot be obtained from geochemical and petrological studies alone.     

Vertical profiles of condensation nuclei in the stratosphere

An automatic condensation nuclei counter was developed for the concentration range of about 1 to 400 particles per cubic centimeter. After expansion, the water droplets are photographed when they are still suspended in the air so that the counter can be considered an absolute one. The volume in which the droplets are counted is determined by the size of the picture of the droplets as a function of their distance from the focal plane. To eliminate any effect of decreasing pressure with altitude, the cloud chamber is filled with clean air prior to expansion to about half an atmosphere above ambient pressure. This counter was used to obtain vertical profiles of condensation nuclei up to altitudes of 27 km with high altitude balloons. A total of seven profiles was obtained over a period of about one year at 47° N over the United States. Because of the restrictions in the range of the meter no data could be obtained below 5 km. The profiles show the following main features:

1. 1.
   Although there are pronounced fluctuations in the individual flights the average nuclei concentration of 200 to 300/cm³ remains fairly constant from 5 km to the tropopause.     

Zeichnerische Lösung sphärisch-trigonometrischer Aufgaben

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Frühorogene Sulfidlagerstätten

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß ± schichtparallele Blei-Zink-Pyritlager und KupferkiesPyritlager vor der kaledonischen, variszischen und alpidischen Faltung auftreten. Sie liegen in einsinkenden Becken und bauen sich staffelförmig nach dem Hangenden zu auf, wobei sie gewissen Gesetzmäßigkeiten folgen. Diese Gesetzmäßigkeiten werden zu einem Deutungsversuch der Absenkungsvorgänge in einem geosynklinalen Teilbecken benutzt.     

Untersuchungen am Grauen Salzton der Grube „Königshall-Hindenburg”, Reyershausen bei Göttingen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 15 stratigraphiseh aufeinanderfolgende Proben des Grauen Salztons aus dem Kalisalzbergwerk Königshall-Hindenburg, Reyershausen bei Göttingen, auf ihren Mineralbestand untersueht und ihre chemische Zusammensetzung ermittelt. Die Hauptkomponenten des loslichen Anteils (Salz) sind Anhydrit, Steinsalz und Dolomit, während sick der unlösliche Anteil zum größten Teil aus Illit, Chlorit und Quarz zusammensetzt. Die Korngrößenfraktionen < 6,32 des unlöslichen Anteils bestehen fast aussehlioßlich aus Rlit und Chlorit. Die röntgenographische und mikroskopische Untersuchung ergab eine kontinuierliche Zunahme des Illitgehaltes vom Liegenden zum Hangenden des Profils und eine Abnahme des Chloritgehaltes. Im Zusammenhang mit der Röntgenanalyse konnte der Chemismus dieser beiden Tonminerale bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich, daß der Chlorit seine Zusammensetzung innerhalb des Profils ändert. Sie entspricht der des Sheridanits (Liegendes), des Klinochlors und des Pennins (Hangendes). Für den Hit muß detritische Herkunft angenommen werden, während der Chlorit sich wahrscheinlich aus der Lösung gebildet hat und damit eine diagenetische Neubildung ist.