任意角度水平向荷载下现浇X形桩力学特性研究（I）：惯性矩

现浇X形桩是为了提高单位混凝土承载力性能而开发的一种新型桩,异形横截面在确保桩周周长的前提下,能有效地减少混凝土用量;但目前针对异形横截面对水平向承载力特性影响方面的研究相对较少。基于X形横截面的3个控制参数：外包圆直径、开弧间距和开弧弧度,建立任意方向轴惯性矩控制方程,并分析X形横截面3个控制参数对截面轴惯性矩的影响规律。最后,提出控制截面面积或周长情况下X形截面惯性矩的最优化设计方案。研究结果表明,X形截面惯性矩随着开弧角度、开弧间距的减小而增大,随着外包圆直径的增大而增大。因此,在等混凝土材料用量或者控制桩周长情况下,适当增大外包圆直径、减小开弧角度和开弧间距有利于提高X形截面轴惯性矩,从而提高X形桩整体水平向承载力。     

隧道复合式衬砌初期支护极限状态模型试验研究

当前既有以及新建的隧道结构大多采用复合式衬砌形式,在长期使用过程中,初期支护不可避免会出现劣化甚至失效的情况,会对隧道结构整体的承载力及耐久性造成影响。通过室内模型试验,采用可劣化的石膏模型制作初期支护的各构件,对其劣化失效过程进行模拟,记录二衬结构的状态变化,再通过增加荷载确定隧道结构整体承载力的变化情况。试验结果显示,钢架和喷射混凝土层的劣化对二衬结构的影响要比锚杆劣化的影响大得多,然而单纯的初期支护失效并不会造成二衬结构的破坏,且二衬结构还有较大的安全余度;初期支护构件劣化都会造成隧道结构整体承载力的降低,锚杆的影响最为明显,钢架及喷射混凝土失效对整体承载力降低影响不大。     

任意角度水平向荷载下现浇X形桩力学特性研究（II）：截面应力分布

基于现浇X形桩在任意方向轴惯性矩控制方程和异形几何截面特性以及地基反力法的基本原理,分析X形桩在任意水平向荷载作用下截面应力分布规律及其控制参数变量对截面应力集中现象的影响规律,并与同等情况下等周长和等面积的圆形桩、方形桩的力学特性进行对比分析,提出考虑截面应力分布的X形截面设计最优化设计形式,为X形桩截面形式设计提供参考依据。研究结果表明,等面积情况下,X形桩截面的应力随着外包圆直径的增大而减小,随着开弧间距和开弧角度的减小而减小;等周长情况下,X形桩截面的应力随着外包圆直径的增大而减小,随着开弧间距和开弧角度的减小而减小。实际工程中建议外包圆直径可以取0.5～0.7 m左右,开弧间距取0.1～0.2 m左右,开弧角度采用110o～130o左右。     

Late Holocene record of environmental changes,cyclones and tsunamis in a coastal lake,Mangaia, Cook Islands

A 4.3 m‐long peat sequence from the shore of Lake Tiriara, Mangaia, Cook Islands, was analyzed using an ITRAX core scanner equipped with a magnetic susceptibility meter. Variations in the elemental profiles, providing insights into long‐ and short‐term environmental changes over the last 3500 years, are supported by grain size data and diatom assemblages. The scattering ratio (Mo Inc/Mo Coh) was evaluated and found to represent a good proxy for organic matter in peat. X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data were processed by principal component analysis that confirmed the distinction of biogenic and detrital phases, organic matter and elements of marine origin. The record preserved in the peat sequence includes a peatland infilling stage followed by alternating drier and wetter periods. A notable steady increase in clay associated with high counts of detrital elements from 2000–1700 cal yr BP is attributed to increased erosion, which is most probably linked with human colonization and/or more intense chemical weathering linked with a wetter climate. Freshwater gastropods (Melanoides sp.), which were possibly introduced by humans, or are native, occupied the wetland during a period of lower water level about 1000–1100 cal yr BP. Short‐term changes in the elemental profiles are often linked with slight coarsening of the inorganic fraction that is, however, only revealed after grain size analysis. Peaks in marine indicators (Br, Cl, S, and/or Ca) associated with marine‐dominated diatom assemblages most probably represent marine incursions through the underground tunnel in the makatea, a fossilized, uplifted coral limestone rim. While none of the marine event units present characteristics typical of cyclone or tsunami deposits, the concurrent or absent peak of detrital elements (Fe, Si, Rb, Ti, K) attributed to increased erosion of the volcanic cone associated with a cyclone is used to distinguish both types of events, as also suggested by principal component analysis.     

Performance of ground penetrating radar in root detection and its application in root diameter estimation under controlled conditions

A plant is stabilized by its root system. In congested urban cities such as Hong Kong, ground trenching is frequently seen due to the installation of utility lines along the roadside. Soil nailing, which involves soil coring in slopes, is a common solution to improve the slope stability. However, both activities inevitably pose a risk to the integrity of any root systems present, and thus reduce the root anchorage. To prevent or minimize such damage, a careful design of the excavation/drilling location is of prime importance. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) provides a non-destructive method for locating roots by examining the contrast between the dielectric properties of the roots and the surrounding soil. To examine the performance of GPR and promote its use in Hong Kong, a test bed was prepared using local materials to create a controlled environment in which to conduct a series of systematic tests evaluating the performance of a 900 MHz GPR. The reflected radargrams were subject to the influence of the following factors: size and depth of roots, horizontal distance between roots, and contrast between the root and soil water content. Correlations between root size and a number of waveform parameters were also explored. Limiting values for root size, root embedded depth, horizontal separation distance between roots, and water content contrast between root and soil were obtained. A significant correlation was found between the root diameter and time travel parameter T ₂ (p<0.001, r=0.795). Because GPR root detection is highly site-specific, this study provides a local reference for GPR performance in the Hong Kong environment. The findings demonstrate that the 900 MHz GPR is applicable in Hong Kong for the detection of main roots.     

大兴安岭南部乌拉盖地区满克头鄂博组火山岩年代学、地球化学研究及构造环境分析

[研究目的]通过查明大兴安岭乌拉盖地区火山岩的年龄、地球化学特征,探讨火山岩形成的时代、成因及构造背景,为研究大兴安岭南部地区的岩浆活动和构造演化过程提供依据.[研究方法]选取大兴安岭乌拉盖地区满克头鄂博组火山岩,系统开展LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究.[研究结果]研究区满克头鄂博组火山岩...     

冰川物质平衡线的估算方法

冰川物质平衡线高度(ELA)与气候变化, 特别是与气温和降水的变化关系密切, 是重建古气候和反映冰川积累和消融变化的重要代用指标.直接观测方法可以获得较为精准的ELA, 但不能大范围展开.因此, ELA的间接估算方法, 如赫斯法(Hess)、 积累区面积比率法(AAR)、 面积–高程平衡率法(AABR)、 末端至冰斗后壁比率法(THAR)、 终碛到最高峰高差比率法(TSAM)、 侧碛最大高度法(MELM)、 冰斗底部高程法(CF)、 冰川作用阈值法(GT)等, 得到了广泛的发展与应用.然而, 由于受到雪崩或风吹雪补给、 表碛覆盖、 冰川类型和形态等因素的影响, 单一使用某种方法易受到算法本身的限制, 误差较大, 需综合考虑各种算法的适用性和选取参数的差异, 以提高计算的精度, 同时也要考虑到后期构造抬升等的影响.     

不同粗糙度的节理直剪颗粒流分析

利用二维颗粒流程序生成5种不同粗糙程度的节理模型,并对5种节理模型进行了5种不同法向恒定荷载作用下的直剪试验,从细观角度分析了不同粗糙程度的节理模型在法向荷载下的形貌损伤情况和裂纹演化机制。与此同时,分析了节理JRC值和节理面颗粒摩擦系数对节理抗剪强度影响,并反推出了节理面抗剪强度参数Cj与?j与JRC值的关系。结果为：法向恒定荷载越大时,节理峰值抗剪应力越大,剪胀现象越小,节理形貌损伤范围越大。随着剪切的进行,上下节理面接触范围减小,微裂纹开始主要沿节理面产生,随着剪切位移的继续增加微裂纹数量显著增加,并且不局限于节理面附近而深入到模型内部。随着节理粗糙程度（JRC值）和节理面颗粒摩擦系数的增加节理峰值抗剪应力也增大。节理抗剪强度参数Cj与?j随着JRC值的增大而增大。所得结果可以为室内试验和工程应用提供参考和依据。     

SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of a small tonalite intrusion in metamorphic belt of Chinese Altai orogen and its geological implication

Small granitic intrusions occur in the progressive metamorphic belts of the Chinese Ahai orogen. SHRIMP U-Pb analyses were performed on zircons separated from a tonalite intrusion and yielded a concordant age of 409.6±3.7 Ma （ MSWD = 0.93 ）, restricting the emplacement and crystallization of the tonalite intru- sion to the Early Devonian. Combined with the existing geological data of the contemporary large granitic plutons in the Chinese Altai orogen, the tonalite is considered to be formed together with other granitic rocks in a continental arc setting. The tonalite intrusion has consistent foliation with its country rocks, indicating the strain resuiting in the regional deformation should be very strong during or after the early Devonian.     

Slope stability and landslides in proglacial varved clays of western Estonia

During the last decade the frequency of landslides at river valley slopes eroding into the glaciolacustrine plain in western Estonia has grown considerably. We studied in detail nine recent landslides out of 25 known and recorded sliding events in the area. All landslides occurred at the river banks in otherwise almost entirely flat areas of proglacial deposits capped with marine sands. Glaciolacustrine varved clay is the weakest soil type in the area and holds the largest landslides. Slope stability modelling shows that critical slope gradient for the clay is ≥ 10° and for the marine sand ≥ 20°. Fluvial erosion is the main process in decreasing slope stability at the outer bends of the river meanders. An extra shear stress generated by groundwater flow following the high stand of the groundwater level or rapid water level drawdown in the river channels are responsible for triggering the landslides. Consecutive occurrence of small-scale slides has a direct effect in triggering the large, retrogressive complexes of slides in the glaciolacustrine clay. A landslide hazard zonation map was composed based on digital elevation model and the data on spatial distribution of glaciolacustrine clays and marine sands, and on existing and critical slope angles of these deposits.