干湿气候区划研究进展

干湿气候区划是气候学、地理学、生态学和农学等学科的重要内容.自1900年以来,国内外学者在干湿气候等级、干湿气候区划指标及其计算方法等方面取得了长足的进展.本文综述了近100多年来国内外学者关于干湿气候区划指标、潜在蒸散量计算方法、干湿气候等级及其命名方法等方面的研究成果,提出了目前该领域存在的科学问题.     

恰什坎萨伊沟玄武岩年代学、地球化学特征及其对北阿尔金洋盆闭合过程的制约

北阿尔金恰什坎萨伊沟红柳泉以南早古生代蛇绿岩剖面发育两段玄武岩岩片.北段玄武岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年与前人对南段玄武岩定年结果(晚奥陶世)相近,表明该玄武岩形成于中—晚奥陶世;样品TR050-10-1锆石热干扰年龄为421～412 Ma、395～388 Ma和283～228Ma,TR050-13-1锆石热干扰年龄为442～434Ma、415Ma和241～221Ma.地球化学特征显示北段玄武岩和南段玄武岩的岩浆演化过程中均以单斜辉石结晶分异为主,仅表现极轻微地壳物质混染;二者均来自尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区,前者源区为原始尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相,后者源区为原始—亏损尖晶石二辉橄榄岩过渡相,前者的部分熔融程度更高.微量元素、稀土元素及构造判别图解指示其为形成于聚合背景下的E-MORB型拉斑玄武岩,具弧后盆地性质.结合区域资料,提出北阿尔金早古生代洋盆4阶段闭合模式:①早期俯冲阶段(∈2～O1),②晚期俯冲阶段(O1～O3),③俯冲-碰撞转换阶段(O3～S2),④后碰撞造山阶段(S3～D2).     

扬子克拉通西缘1.73Ga非造山型花岗斑岩的发现及其地质意义

首次发现扬子克拉通西缘古元古代晚期海孜斜长花岗斑岩岩体.本文报道了其锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,为1730±15Ma(MSWD=4.0,n=15).岩石具有高SiO2(69.77％～73.83％)、高碱(ALK=5.46～6.65)、低钾(K2O/Na2O=0.02～0.14)含量.里特曼指数1.04～1.65,A/CNK值为1.11～1.25,平均值为1.18(＞1.1),10000 Ga/Al=3.96～7.34(均值为5.18＞2.6),较高的含铁指数[FeO/(FeO+MgO) =0.95～0.99],总体显示了低钾钙碱性过铝质(SP)铁质A型花岗岩的特点.岩石富集Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等高场强元素,强烈亏损K、Sr和Ba等大离子亲石元素,稀土元素总量∑REE=390.70×10-6～674.91×10-6,LREE/HREE=1.74～3.29(均值2.18),轻稀土分异作用明显,相对富集,表现出强烈的负Eu异常.地球化学特征显示,海孜花岗斑岩岩体为形成于板内伸展构造环境,可能与同期基性岩浆活动的底侵作用相关.海孜花岗岩的年龄和地球化学表明,扬子克拉通西缘存在古元古代晚期与全球性Columbia超级大陆裂解同期的双峰式岩浆岩组合.     

Contribution of mantle components within juvenile lower-crust to collisional zone porphyry Cu systems in Tibet

Most porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits are found in magmatic arcs worldwide, and are associated with hydrous, high-fO₂, calc-alkaline magmas, derived from a mantle wedge that was metasomatized by the fluids from a subducted oceanic slab. Recently, such deposits have been documented as occurring widely in collisional settings, where they are associated with potassic magmas generated during the collisional process, but the genesis of the fertile magmas and the mechanism of metallic enrichment remain controversial. Here we present new geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data from the post-collisional fertile and barren porphyries of the Miocene Gangdese porphyry belt in the Tibetan orogen, an orogen formed by the collision of India and Asia in the early Cenozoic. Both types of porphyry are characterized by high K₂O contents, and have geochemical affinities with adakite, but the fertile magmas were most likely derived from the melting of a thickened juvenile mafic lower-crust, formed by the underplating of earlier asthenospheric melts at the base of crust, whereas the derivation of the barren magmas involved variable amounts of old lower-crust in Tibet. The melting of sulfide-bearing phases in the juvenile mantle components of the Tibetan lower-crust probably provided Cu, Au, and S to the fertile magmas. The breakdown of amphibole during melting at the source released the fluids necessary for the formation of the porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet. The thickened crust (up to 70–80 km), due to collision, is thought to be responsible for a decrease in the fO₂ of the fertile magmas during their ascent to the upper crust, thus preventing the generation of more porphyry Cu–Au and epithermal Au deposits in this collisional zone.     

Extreme wind gust hazard in Australia and its sensitivity to climate change

For consideration of structural design of buildings and infrastructure in Australia, this paper presents hazard modelling and mapping of extreme wind gusts under the current climate and likely future climate change. Statistical and probabilistic approaches are applied to analyse the daily extreme wind gust data recorded between 1939 and 2007 at 545 anemometer stations around Australia. The estimated hazards are compared with the regional design wind speeds specified by the structural design standard, AS/NZS 1170.2:2011. Our results indicate that, under the current climate, structures in the areas on the west of and around Brisbane, Queensland and Newcastle, New South Wales, may be under higher gust hazard than they are designed for. Sensitivity study shows that these areas are also sensitive to the projected synoptic wind intensity changes. When subjected to ±20 % intensity change and ±50 % occurrence frequency change of tropical cyclones, the northwest coast of Western Australia, the northern part of Northern Territory, and the northeast coast between Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, will experience around ±10 m/s changes in extreme wind gust speeds of 500-year return period.     

Vulnerability of population and transportation infrastructure at the east bank of Delaware Bay due to coastal flooding in sea-level rise conditions

Catastrophic flooding associated with sea-level rise and change of hurricane patterns has put the northeastern coastal regions of the United States at a greater risk. In this paper, we predict coastal flooding at the east bank of Delaware Bay and analyze the resulting impact on residents and transportation infrastructure. The three-dimensional coastal ocean model FVCOM coupled with a two-dimensional shallow water model is used to simulate hydrodynamic flooding from coastal ocean water with fine-resolution meshes, and a topography-based hydrologic method is applied to estimate inland flooding due to precipitation. The entire flooded areas with a range of storm intensity (i.e., no storm, 10-, and 50-year storm) and sea-level rise (i.e., current, 10-, and 50-year sea level) are thus determined. The populations in the study region in 10 and 50 years are predicted using an economic-demographic model. With the aid of ArcGIS, detailed analysis of affected population and transportation systems including highway networks, railroads, and bridges is presented for all of the flood scenarios. It is concluded that sea-level rise will lead to a substantial increase in vulnerability of residents and transportation infrastructure to storm floods, and such a flood tends to affect more population in Cape May County but more transportation facilities in Cumberland County, New Jersey.     

Carbon and oxygen isotope chemostratigraphies of the Yangtze platform,South China: Decoding temperature and environmental changes through the Ediacaran

Multicellular animals first appeared on the earth during the Ediacaran period. However, the relationship between the abrupt biological evolution and environmental changes is still ambiguous. In order to examine seawater temperature and the carbon cycle through the Ediacaran, we analyzed the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate rocks from drill cores from the Three Gorges area, South China. Importantly, the core samples include the Nantuo tillite, corresponding to the Marinoan glaciation, through the Doushantuo to the lower Dengying Fms. in ascending order.The δ¹³C profile displays five positive and five negative anomalies (PI-1 to 5 and NI-1 to 5), and the oxygen isotopes display very high absolute values around 0‰ with the highest at + 1.83‰. The combined δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C chemostratigraphies display both positive and negative correlations between the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values. The occurrence of the negative correlations supports the preservation of primary δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values.The sample NI-4 has a negative correlation of the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C excursions. The correlation supports a primary signature for both δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C variations. The positive δ¹⁸O excursion, accompanied by evidence of a eustatic sea-level fall, provides direct evidence for global cooling in the mid-Ediacaran; the 580 Ma Gaskiers Glaciation is a potential candidate for this global cooling event. The negative δ¹³C excursion was possibly caused by an increase in remineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) due to enhanced continental weathering during the glaciation.Sample NI-5 is characterized by very low δ¹³C values, down to ? 10‰, corresponding to the Shuram-Wonoka-Pertatataka Excursion. The cause of the δ¹³C negative excursion is still not clear. However, a ubiquitous occurrence in excursions worldwide, and the lower δ¹³C values in deeper sections favor the enhancement of remineralization and respiration rather than secondary alteration, a restricted sea environment and lithification in coastal areas.     

Zircon U–Pb Dating and Geochemistry of the Linong Granitoid and Its Relationship to Cu Mineralization in the Yangla Copper Deposit,Yunnan, China

The Yangla copper deposit (Cu reserves: 1.2 Mt) in the Jinshajiang–Lancangjiang–Nujiang region in China is spatially associated with the Linong granitoid. Zircon U–Pb dating shows the granitoid formed at 234.1 ± 1.2 to 235.6 ± 1.2 Ma, and the KT2 ore body of the deposit yields a molybdenite Re–Os model age of 230.9 ± 3.2 Ma. The ages of mineralization and crystallization of the granitoid are identical within the measurement uncertainties, suggesting the Yangla deposit is genitically related to the Indosinian Linong granitoid.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of the Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit (73240 t) in Heilongjiang Province,China

The Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit(20000 t Sn at 0.27%,236 t Ag at 122.89 g/t,15000 t Pb at 0.84%,and 38000 t Zn at 1.43%)is located in the Wandashan Terrane of the easternmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The timing of Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic mineralization remains unclear due to a lack of precise isotope dating directly conducted on ore minerals.The authors herein report that the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of cassiterite and zircon from the granite porphyry in the Hekoulinchang Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit are 101.4±7.9 Ma and 115.4±1.0 Ma,respectively,indicating that Sn mineralization and magmatism occurred during the Early Cretaceous.The granite porphyry belongs to the subalkaline series peraluminous I-type granites that are depleted in Nb,Ta,and Ti and enriched in Rb,Th,U,and Pb.TheεHf(t)values of the granite porphyry range from 0.9 to 7.4,with an average of about 5.6 and two-stage model ages(T_DM2)of 705–1116 Ma,with an average age of 819 Ma.The ε_Nd(t)values of the apatites are–1.60–0.45,with an average of–0.9,and two-stage model ages(T_DM2)of 872–1040 Ma,with an average age of 983 Ma.The Nd-Hf isotope data indicate that the magma may have been derived from the partial melting of juvenile crustal material.     

华北地区晚石炭世岩相古地理特征及聚煤规律研究

通过分析华北地区晚石炭世的沉积环境及煤层分布特点,探讨了该区晚石炭世沉积相的典型类型,综合分析得出华北克拉通板块晚石炭世主要为陆表海环境,期间发生多次海侵海退事件,在郯庐断裂以东地区,主要发育有台地沉积体系、障壁一渴湖沉积体系及潮坪沉积体系;在盆地的北西缘地区发育潮坪泥炭沼泽,形成了海侵事件沉积,海退时期,中北部地区有利于发育潮坪泥炭沼泽和岛后泥炭沼泽,成为煤层的聚煤中心。