Coupling of a simultaneous heat and water model with a distributed hydrological model and evaluation of the combined model in a cold region watershed

Snow and frozen soil prevail in cold regions worldwide, and the integration of these processes is crucial in hydrological models. In this study, a combined model was developed by fully coupling a simultaneous heat and water model with a geomorphologically based distributed hydrological model. The combined model simulates vertical and lateral water transfer as well as vertical heat fluxes and is capable of representing the effects of frozen soil and snowmelt on hydrological processes in cold regions. This model was evaluated by using in situ observations in the Binggou watershed, an experimental watershed for cold region hydrology of the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research Project. Results showed that the model was able to predict soil freezing and thawing, unfrozen soil water content, and snow depth reasonably well. The simulated hydrograph was in good agreement with the in situ observation. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of daily discharge was 0.744 for the entire simulation period, 0.472 from April to June, and 0.711 from June to November. This model can improve our understanding of hydrological processes in cold regions and assess the impacts of global warming on hydrological cycles and water resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人海关系地域系统视角下海洋本体的解构与研究重点

在揭示人海辩证关系与海洋社会属性的基础上,从人海关系地域系统的视角,解析了海洋的构成。第一海洋（自然海洋）是人海关系地域系统中自然存在而非人为构筑的海洋部分,其核心要素是地理位置、物质构成和空间形态。第二海洋（人工海洋）是人类海洋实践中所建造的设施及相应的物质、能量及信息流动,包括基地设施、人类主体之间的物质信息交流和人类与海洋之间的采集排放活动。第三海洋（关系海洋）是不同人类主体在海洋实践中形成的互动关系,核心内容是主体构成、内容组成以及表现形式。第四海洋（观念海洋）是人类对海洋及海洋实践活动的认知,核心是在处理人类与海洋、陆地与海洋和人类主体之间关系时所秉持的理念。现实中,自然海洋、实践性的人工海洋和关系海洋与构想性的观念海洋相互作用,形成了丰富多样的海洋世界。随着人类海洋实践的深化,关系海洋和观念海洋与自然海洋和人工海洋一并成为了研究与实践的重点。     

西藏安多早侏罗世火山岩岩石成因及对班公湖-怒江特提斯洋俯冲消减的制约

拉萨地块广泛分布着中生代的岩浆活动,研究它们对于认识特提斯洋的演化过程有着重要的启示。本文报道安多地区新识别出的早侏罗世岛弧型火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、锆石原位Hf同位素、全岩主微量元素分析和Sr-Nd同位素结果。英安岩206Pb/238U年龄为180.7±4.7Ma(MSWD=0.22,n=10),指示其形成时代为早侏罗世。这些火山岩的SiO_2含量为62.50%~76.15%,MgO含量为0.33%~3.05%,Fe_2O_3T含量为2.35%~6.69%;所有样品都显示轻稀土元素相对富集,具有铕的弱负异常,具有富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的地球化学特征;同时这些火山岩锆石原位εHf(t)值均为正值(+15.1~+17.1);全岩Sr-Nd同位素εNd(t)值也均为正值(+7.1~+13.2),指示这些火山岩很可能是特提斯洋俯冲消减过程中新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。结合区域地质资料,认为安多火山岩不可能是龙木错-双湖古特提斯洋或雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋俯冲消减的产物,而是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋俯冲消减的产物,区域上很可能与改则北、日土地区的侏罗纪侵入岩一起构成了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北侧的岩浆弧带。由此本文认为安多早侏罗世岛弧型火山岩是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北向俯冲消减的产物,从而为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消减过程提供了直接的火山岩证据。     

甘肃兰州海石湾中侏罗世Coniopteris nikaensis的大化石及原位孢子特征

本文对采集于甘肃省兰州市海石湾镇中侏罗统窑街组的一块真蕨类化石进行了系统描述。当前标本最显著的特征是,小羽片分裂2～3次,相邻羽片相互接触或略叠覆,同时保留有完整的实羽叶,通过与前人已报道的蕨叶、叶脉、羽片、小羽片分裂的程度及裂片形状等特征的对比分析,发现其与Coniopteris nikaensis的基本特征完全符合,可明确该化石植物为C.nikaensis,属于窑街盆地的首次报道。经过实验分析,揭示了C.nikaensis的原位孢子基本特征：孢子三缝,赤道轮廓亚三角形,三边微凹,顶角钝圆,直径平均约35 μm;射线较窄且平直,具微弱发育的唇,长度约为孢子体半径的3/4或更长;外壁薄,表面光滑。本研究为完善窑街盆地古植物群面貌提供了新材料,窑街盆地和宝积山盆地相较伊犁盆地更适宜Coniopteris的生长。     

Geochronological and geochemical evidence for a Late Ordovician to Silurian arc-back-arc system in the northern Great Xing'an Range,NE China

The early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Xing'an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt is dominated by two oceanic basins on the northwestern and southeastern sides of the Xing'an Block,i.e.,the Xinlin-Xiguitu Ocean and the Nenjiang Ocean.However,the early development of the Nenjiang Ocean remains unclear.Here,we present zircon U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic data on the gabbros in the Xinglong area together with andesitic tuffs and basalts in the Duobaoshan area.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of gabbros and andesitic tuffs yielded crystallization ages of 443-436 Ma and 452-451 Ma,respectively.The Early Silurian Xinglong gabbros show calc-alkaline and E-MORB affinities but they are enriched in LILEs,and depleted in HFSEs,with relatively low U/Th ratios of 0.18-0.36 andεNd(t)values of-1.6 to+0.5.These geochemical features suggest that the gabbros might originate from a mantle wedge modified by pelagic sediment-derived melts,consistent with a back-arc basin setting.By contrast,the andesitic tuffs are characterized by high MgO(>5 wt.%),Cr(138-200 ppm),and Ni(65-110 ppm)contents,and can be termed as high-Mg andesites.Their low Sr/Y ratios of 15.98-17.15 and U/Th values of 0.24-0.25 and moderate(La/Sm)_n values of 3.07-3.26 are similar to those from the Setouchi Volcanic Belt(SW Japan),and are thought to be derived from partial melting of subducted sediments,and subsequent melt-mantle interaction.The Duobaoshan basalts have high Nb(8.44-10.30 ppm)and TiO2 contents(1.17-1.60 wt.%),typical of Nb-enriched basalts.They are slightly younger than regional adakitic rocks and have positiveεNd(t)values of+5.2 to+5.7 and are interpreted to be generated by partial melting of a depleted mantle source metasomatized by earlier adakitic melts.Synthesized with coeval arc-related igneous rocks from the southeastern Xing'an Block,we propose that the Duobaoshan high-Mg andesitic tuffs and Nbenriched basalts are parts of the Late Ordovician and Silurian Sonid Zuoqi-Duobaoshan arc belt,and they were formed by the northwestern subduction of the Nenjiang Ocean.Such a subduction beneath the integrated Xing'an-Erguna Block also gave rise to the East Ujimqin-Xinglong igneous belt in a continental back-arc basin setting.Our new data support an early Paleozoic arc-back-arc model in the northern Great Xing'an Range.     

Impact of transferred water on the hydrochemistry and water quality of surface water and groundwater in Baiyangdian Lake,North China

The hydrochemical composition of surface water and groundwater is a key parameter for understanding the evolution of water and its quality.In particular, little is known about the impact of transferred water on surface water and groundwater.In this study, Baiyangdian Lake was selected as a typical area for extensive groundwater exploration and surface water transfer in the North China Plain.Surface water and groundwater samples were sampled in dry/wet seasons and then analyzed before/after the water transfer, respectively.Generally, surface water and groundwater are extensively hydrologically connected based on hydrochemical evidence.It was found that the hydrochemical composition of the shallow groundwater is affected by the surface water and that the water quality of the deep groundwater is stable.However, inter-aquifer recharge processes from the shallow groundwater to the deep groundwater existed in the anthropogenic region impacted with high nitrate-ion concentrations.Also, the hydrochemical composition of the surface water and groundwater was dominated by rock-weathering and evaporation-precipitation processes.Due to the existence of the deep vadose zone in the alluvial fan, Na~+was exchanged into soil matrices during the leakage of the surface water.In addition, the transferred water resulted in surface water with good quality, and it also played as an important recharge source to groundwater.As the most important water resource for irrigation and drinking, deep groundwater should be paid more attention in the alluvial fan with frequent water transfer and extensive groundwater exploration.     

青海岗察岩体多金属矿床成矿流体H、O、S同位素地球化学及成矿学意义

岗察岩体位于秦岭、祁连、昆仑和松潘—甘孜造山带交会部位,属西秦岭成矿区,为秦岭造山带的重要组成部分。运用H、O、S同位素示踪手段对岗察岩体内江里沟、双朋西、谢坑3个矿床的成矿流体进行研究。结果表明,上述3个矿区样品的δ18O（H2O）大部分落在岩浆水范围,因此O同位素具有岩浆水特征,推测3个矿区的流体均来自发生过脱气作用的岩浆,但成矿作用发生在浅部。研究区δ34S值集中在-3.8‰～0.9‰之间,与多数岩浆岩δ34S值的范围-5‰～5‰相近,说明3个矿床的硫均为岩浆来源,即成矿物质主要来源于岩浆。总体δ34S江里沟＞δ34S双朋西＞δ34S谢坑,这种差异可能与岗察岩体岩浆演化有关。3个矿床的δ34S平均值均接近正常地幔硫的范围-1‰～1‰,暗示硫源可能有深源岩浆的参与。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区乌兰乌珠尔早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

为确定东昆仑祁漫塔格乌兰乌珠尔地区片麻状黑云母花岗岩和二长花岗岩的形成时代、岩石成因、源区性质和构造背景,对该岩石样品进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.结果显示:片麻状黑云母花岗岩加权平均年龄为457.5±2.3 Ma,铝饱和指数A/CNK介于0.98～1.02,属准铝质岩石,Na2O/K2O比值...     

巴布亚湾两期前陆盆地叠置结构及其形成演化

巴布亚湾受澳大利亚板块与太平洋板块高速斜向汇聚的控制,经历了复杂的中、新生代构造演化.前人对巴布亚湾盆地结构构造特征的研究多是局部的、分散的,关于盆地的形成时间和动力学机制仍存在争议.利用覆盖全盆的钻井约束的高精度2D、3D地震资料,精细地刻画了盆地的结构和构造特征,揭示了巴布亚湾发育潘多拉和奥雷两期叠置的前陆盆地.潘多拉前陆盆地是形成于渐新世不整合面之上的晚渐新世-中中新世微型前陆盆地,走向为NNE.奥雷前陆盆地是发育在复杂的裂谷边缘之上的早中新世-现今的周缘前陆盆地,沿着弧形的巴布亚半岛延伸480 km;盆地走向在148°E发生转变,由西部的NW向转为东部的近EW向.潘多拉微前陆盆地被奥雷前陆盆地向南逐渐超覆的沉积地层覆盖,两个前陆盆地走向相互垂直,垂向上形成叠置结构.阐明了巴布亚湾新生代经历三期挤压事件及两期叠置的前陆盆地的形成演化,解决了盆地结构及区域构造演化认识的不足,理清了复杂陆缘环境从伸展到挤压多期构造事件的时序及动力学机制,为澳大利亚板块北缘的板块构造重建提供了盆内证据.     

全球现代海底块状硫化物战略性金属富集机理及资源前景初探

海底块状硫化物(SMS)蕴藏有丰富的Cu、Cd、Au、Fe、Ag、Co等战略性金属,是未来可供人类开发利用的战略资源.本文搜集了全球3946组SMS化学成分数据,根据构造环境可将其分成4类(快速、中速、慢速、超慢速扩张)洋中脊型和2类(弧后扩张中心和弧火山)岛弧型SMS矿床.利用多元统计方法分析了SMS战略性金属的分布...