塔基海-气界面动量通量观测：向岸风和离岸风情形比较

本文使用塔基直接观测法研究海洋大气边界层中的海-气界面动量通量。首先,我们收集数据并和前人观测结果比对,其比对结果符合一致。其次,在低风速至中等风速条件下,我们发现海-气界面动量通量的交换系数（又称拖曳系数）对于向岸风和离岸风两种情形有所差异。为此,我们使用一个考虑表面波的参数化方案解释海-气界面动量通量对于表面波的依赖关系。这些结果一方面证实表面波对于海-气界面动量通量的影响,另一方面验证一个考虑表面波参数化方案的有效性。     

Review of River Bank Erosion Research

Riverbank erosion is a critical style of lateral channel change. It threatens the arable land, ecological environment, as well as the people’s lives and properties along the river. Through review on the research process of riverbank erosion globally, four aspects were classified and described: ①Riverbank erosion processes and mechanisms. The occurence and development of riverbank erosion is quite complicated, composed by multiple processes, which are hard to separate with each other. Therefore, the scholars have proposed a lot of theories to describe the processes. Among the theories, “Riverbank Stability Theory” has been widely recognized and developed. ②Factors of riverbank erosion. The key factors that affect riverbank erosion include hydrology conditions of the river, soil properties, geomorphology, vegetation of the river bank and meteorology. However, it should be noted that the importance of different factors in the collapse process is not equivalent and effects of the same factor on different rivers are various. ③Riverbank erosion estimation. With the tremendous improvement of quantification recently, time interval of erosion measurement is shortening continuously, while spatial scale is larger and larger. At the same time, resolution is becoming increasingly high. Erosion pin was commonly used in early studies because of its easy use and low cost, whereas remote sensing and digital photogrammetry have more advantages in modern measurement. ④Modeling of riverbank erosion. At present, the models are mainly based on the fundamental theories of hydraulics and soil mechanics, to study river bank stability. According to the review of the four aspects above, problems of recent researches and prospects of possible development in the future were discussed. The researchers should pay much attention to temporal spatial distribution of riverbank erosion first before further research. The study would be greatly helpful to the researchers for the specific river reach when choosing the proper theories as well as technologies for measurement and quantification, study the riverbank erosion through both macroscopic and microscopic views, and predict the erosion for management purpose.     

The temporal and spatial variations in the Pacific wind and wave fields for the period 2002–2011

本文利用第三代海浪模式（WAVEWATCH III）分析了2002-2011年太平洋风速和海浪场的时空变化特征。首先,使用浮标观测数据对模式模拟的有效波高结果进行验证。结果表明模式可以有效地后报太平洋的有效波高。模式偏差较大的区域为中低纬度地区。随后将太平洋分为多个子区域,分别讨论了其风速和有效波高的时空变化特征。多年平均太平洋风速和有效波高存在类似的纬向分布特征,各子区域之间风速和有效波高的季节变化存在差别。模式刻画的太平洋有效波高年际变化最大的区域为南半球中高纬区域。进一步,我们研究了波浪能量的输入与耗散。相应的源函数项的各区域平均值显示了量化的表面波的变化。最后,对日平均的风速与有效波高值进行功率谱分析寻找序列的显著周期。结果表明有效波高时间变化对应的频谱和风速谱具有一定的差异。     

避雷针（带）保护范围的计算

通过一工程实例，对屋面避雷针（带）保护范围的计算方法进行探讨。由于对滚球法的基准面选取不同，从而影响到最终计算结果。     

利用西北印度洋船测数据评估基于卫星的海表面温度

本文描述了一次夏季在西北印度洋进行的调查船水文测量,用船测数据评估卫星海面表温度,并寻找影响海表面温度误差的主要因素。我们考虑了两种卫星数据,第一种是微波遥感产品——热带降雨测量任务微波成像仪TMI数据,另外一种是融合了微波,红外线,以及少部分观测数据的融合数据产品——可处理海表温度和海冰分析OSTIA数据。结果表明融合数据的日平均海表面温度的平均误差和均方根误差都比微波遥感小。这一结果证明了融合红外线遥感,微波遥感以及观测数据来提高海表面温度数据质量的必要性。此外,我们分析了海表面温度误差与各项水文参数之间的相关关系,包括风速,大气温度,想对湿度,大气压力,能见度。结果表明风速与TMI海表面温度误差的相关系数最大。而大气温度是影响OSTIA海表面温度误差最重要的因素;与此同时,想对湿度与海表面温度误差的相关系数也很高。     

Determination of fractional energy loss of waves in nearshore waters using an improved high-order Boussinesq-type model

Fractional energy losses of waves due to wave breaking when passing over a submerged bar are studied systematically using a modified numerical code that is based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations.The model is first tested by the additional experimental data,and the model's capability of simulating the wave transformation over both gentle slope and steep slope is demonstrated.Then,the model's breaking index is replaced and tested.The new breaking index,which is optimized from the several breaking i...     

Large eddy simulation of the rotation effect on the ocean turbulence kinetic energy budget in the surface mixed layer

A non-hydrostatic, Boussinesq, and three-dimensional large eddy simulation(LES) model was used to study the impact of the Earth's rotation on turbulence and the redistribution of energy in turbulence kinetic energy(TKE) budget. A set of numerical simulations was conducted,(1) with and without rotation,(2) at different latitudes(10°N, 30°N, 45°N, 60°N, and 80°N),(3) with wave breaking and with Langmuir circulation, and(4) under different wind speeds(5, 10, 20, and 30 m/s). The results show that eddy viscosity decreases when rotation is included, indicating that rotation weakens the turbulence strength. The TKE budget become tight with rotation and the effects of rotation grow with latitude. However, rotation become less important under Langmuir circulation since the transport term is strong in the vertical direction. Finally, simulations were conducted based on field data from the Boundary Layer and Air-Sea Transfer Low Wind(CBLAST-Low) experiment. The results, although more complex, are consistent with the results obtained from earlier simulations using ideal numerical conditions.     

降雨量对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长和生理的影响

对降水格局变化的响应是植物适应环境的重要方面。通过野外增减雨试验,研究了降水变化对科尔沁沙地3种沙生植物生长特性和生理特征的影响。结果表明：（1）6月植被平均密度最大,7月平均盖度最大,降雨量增加60%时,植被盖度最大,为58.0%。（2）增雨区的主要植物为雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）和猪毛菜（Salsola collina）,减雨区主要植物为蒺藜（Tribulus terrestris）,降雨量减少60%时,蒺藜在6、7、8月密度分别为70%、80%、79%,显著高于其他植物。（3）降雨量减少时,3种沙生植物的相对含水量（RWC）减少,而细胞膜透性增加;蒺藜RWC高于雾冰藜和猪毛菜,但是丙二醛（MDA）正好相反;蒺藜的耐脱水能力和细胞膜的耐伤害程度强于雾冰藜和猪毛菜。（4）随着降雨量的增加,3种植物的光能转化效率（F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ）逐渐增加,但随干旱天数的增加而减小。     

采用镶嵌数据模型建设与浏览地理国情影像库

针对传统栅格数据模型管理地理国情普查影像成果数据存在的问题,通过分析镶嵌数据集模型的特点以及海量影像数据分级、分层、分块的存储机制,结合镶嵌数据集模型进行海量遥感影像数据管理的一般流程,阐述了影响镶嵌数据集入库速度和浏览性能的几个主要因素,并对这些主要参数的调优方法进行了分析及实验验证。     

Effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit

Air–sea exchange plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones(TCs). Although studies have suggested the dependence of air–sea fluxes on surface waves and sea spray, how these processes modify those fluxes under TC conditions have not been sufficiently investigated based on in-situ observations.Using continuous meteorological and surface wave data from a moored buoy in the northern South China Sea,this study examines the effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit. The mooring was within about 40 km of the center of Hagupit. Surface waves could increase momentum flux to the ocean by about 15%, and sea spray enhanced both sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere,causing Hagupit to absorb 500 W/m~2 more heat flux from the ocean. These results have powerful implications for understanding TC–ocean interaction and improving TC intensity forecasting.