A CONTROL OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL BODY ANOMALIES*

In magnetic routine interpretation the comparison of two-dimensional model curves with measured magnetic anomalies is widely used for an approximate evaluation of the position and depth of magnetic models. Before starting an interpretation of a survey by means of two-dimensional models, it is very useful to have an idea of the shape of anomalies caused by extended but finite bodies, taking into account various strike directions: Three sets of anomalies of thin plates (horizontal length 19, downward length 9, width 1) dipping 30°, 60°, and 90° resp. for various strike directions and an inclination of 20° were computed. Some of these anomalies, e.g. those with nearly N-S strike direction look rather complicated, and at the first glance one would not expect that they are caused by such simple bodies. Several profiles crossing the computed anomalies perpendicularly were interpreted two-dimensionally. For less extended anomalies the depths determined for the top of the plates are 10-20% too small, the magnetization amounts to 50–75 % of the value of the finite bodies. The interpretation of the profiles covering more extended anomalies gave very accurately the same values for the position, depth and magnetization for the two-dimensional body as for the original three-dimensional model. Anomalies of vertical prisms with varying extensions in the y-direction were computed. Their differences in amplitude and in the distance maximum-minimum show that interpretation of short anomalies by two-dimensional methods yields depth errors of up to 20 percent. To see the possibilities of the separation of superimposed anomalies dike anomalies were added to the anomaly of a broad body in great depth and several attempts were made to interpret parts of the composite anomalies. The interpreted bodies lie too deep. In complicated cases the depth values can have large errors, but experienced interpreters should be able to keep the errors in the range of one third of the depth values.     

A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE FORMATION FACTOR/PERMEABILITY/POROSITY RELATIONSHIP USING A NETWORK MODEL*

The knowledge of hydraulic and electric properties of porous media and the relations between them is essential for the quantitative evaluation of electric well logs and the solution of other reservoir engineering problems. The state of the art in this field is not yet satisfying. Theories still show considerable discrepancies with practice due to oversimplified model approaches. Empirical relations are either too coarse, not fully determined, or valid under specific geological and geographical conditions only. This article deals with the development of a general theory of the electric and hydraulic resistance behavior of porous media on the basis of a very general statistical network model. A general solution of the relations between formation factor, permeability, and porosity is presented by means of a rigorous mathematical treatment of two limiting cases of such a network. The solution shows that the product of the formation factor and the permeability can be expressed in the expectation values and the variation coefficients of pore channel cross section and shape factor and by a network factor, that depends on the mesh texture of the network. This network factor is in the range zero to one. It is further shown that the path length increase enters both the electric and the hydraulic tortuosity by its square.     

3S技术在石狮市“两违”执法中的应用实践

随着城市建设和发展,违法用地和违法建设现象愈演愈烈,制止“两违”是一项长期复杂的工作。一直以来,“两违”执法程序烦琐,缺乏有效的技术手段,无法及时发现和制止违法行为。利用遥感(RS)技术可以实时监测土地违法现象,结合地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)技术构建“两违”执法管理平台,能准确快速地定位“两违”图斑并指导现场执法巡查。本文以石狮市为例,研究了3S(RS、GIS、GPS,遥感(Rernote Sensing,RS)、地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)、全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS))技术在“两违”执法工作中的实践应用。结果表明,“3S”技术可以全面及时地发现土地违法行为,极大地提高执法效率。     

Carbon-isotope stratigraphy in shallow-water carbonates: implications for Cretaceous black-shale deposition

A Barremian to Albian succession on Mount Kanala, part of a Tethyan isolated carbonate platform, was investigated for its δ¹³C variations. The limestone sequence is composed of a series of peritidal shallowing-upward cycles with clear petrographic evidence for strong early diagenetic overprinting related to repeated subaerial exposure. Despite significant impact of diagenesis, the observed changes in δ¹³C can be very well correlated with deep-water sections from different ocean basins and shallow water carbonate platforms in the Middle East. This lends further support to the applicability of δ¹³C variations for stratigraphic purposes in shallow-water limestones. Using the δ¹³C signal, time resolution in Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates can be significantly increased, independent of bio-zonations often hampered by ecological variability.
Cyclostratigraphic analysis of the Aptian part of the section shows that strong positive excursions of the cumulative departure from mean cycle thickness of the peritidal shallowing-upward cycles coincide with global positive δ¹³C excursions. This, and the fact that positive shifts in the δ¹³C record are preserved within shallow water limestones, provide evidence that black-shale accumulation in the ocean basins occurred during sea-level rise and flooding of platform tops. Integration of carbon-isotope-, cyclo- and sequence-stratigraphic results from different carbonate platforms indicate that strong positive global δ¹³C shifts and concurrent organic-carbon burial during black-shale deposition are ultimately caused by rapid rises of eustatic sea level. Hence, the rate of change of eustatic sea level is considered to play a crucial role in black-shale accumulation in the global ocean basins during the Cretaceous.     

基于力链的岩石单齿截割特性研究及截割力预测

截齿是煤矿采掘机械上截割工作的主要承载对象,其与工作面的截割力预测对减小截齿磨损十分重要。利用颗粒流仿真软件PFC2D将被截割岩石作为颗粒物质进行单齿截割模拟仿真,通过研究截割时颗粒间力链的特性探讨了单齿截割岩石时接触状态对截割力的影响。利用单齿截割岩石试验台进行了截割力试验,获得了截割法向力和切向力随截割参数的变化规律及掉落碎片的特征。研究结果表明,单齿截割岩石颗粒物质的力链数目与力链长度的关系符合单轴压缩试验结果,能够采用离散元的方法对截齿截割状态进行模拟。力链网络沿着点接触方向扩散并延长,力链方向与截割角度有关,平均法向力方向呈“花生”状,切向力方向呈“花瓣”状。力链数目随截割角度的减小和截割深度的增加而减少,力链长度随截割距离的增加而增加,最大平均长度为8个颗粒尺寸。当截割角度较大时,较为容易形成力链。单齿截割天然砂岩法向力和切向力随截割角度的增加和截割深度的减小而减小。截割碎片尺寸与截割切向力线性拟合度为0.87。基于力链长度的截割力预测模型相比Evans预测模型法向力精度提高了17.6%,切向力精度提高了16.9%。研究结果能够为截齿和采掘机械截割系统的设计以及截割工艺的优化奠定一定的研究基础。     

基于CT图像的花岗岩矿物组分与细观结构分析

获取准确的岩石矿物组分与细观结构特征,对从细观层面认识岩石宏观力学性质具有重要意义。CT扫描技术是研究岩石矿物细观结构的有力工具。本文采用高分辨率三维CT扫描系统,获得了花岗岩CT扫描图像;采用阈值分割的方法,综合X射线衍射试验结果确定合理的分割阈值,实现了对花岗岩CT灰度图像的三值化分析;最终获得了花岗岩的主要矿物含量与细观结构特征。研究结果表明:选择合理的分割阈值,可实现花岗岩主要矿物石英、长石、云母的自动识别和定量分析;基于三维重构模型,可获得不同矿物的形状、粒径和空间分布特征。本文方法对定量测试岩石矿物组分和认识其细观结构具有一定的参考意义和价值。     

湿化膨胀与掺砂率对混合型缓冲材料THM耦合过程的影响分析

加入辅助骨料后的混合型缓冲材料在保留了材料密封和防渗能力的同时,克服了纯膨润土导热系数低、施工性差的缺点,作为高放废物处置库缓冲材料的备选材料正在成为新的研究热点。基于室内试验数据,以多孔介质非饱和渗流理论为基础,考虑了膨润土湿化膨胀及密度、饱和度、导热系数等材料物理性质参数的实时变化,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了包含一条巷道及单个井孔的3D网格模型,计算模拟了100 a间屏障系统中膨润土-石英砂混合型缓冲材料的THM多场耦合演化过程,分析了各物理量的时间演化及空间分布规律,并通过不同工况分析了材料湿化膨胀以及掺砂率对屏障系统演化过程的影响。系统中材料温度、饱和度与距固化体、岩壁的距离呈相关性,应力整体以受压为主,变形呈先压缩后膨胀的趋势。其中,膨润土基材料的湿化膨胀作用对温度演化的影响很小,但会略微加速饱和进程,并使材料的应力-应变出现明显的时间演化及区域分布差异。井孔和巷道中靠近岩壁区域的应力上升较快,并且在巷道底板与井孔交界处出现了显著的竖向位移。提高掺量可以有效降低罐体表面温度,增强屏障系统散热能力,降低缓冲材料的历史最大应力,有效控制井孔轴线上的竖向位移,但也会削弱系统的防渗能力。     

Improvement of an Extremely Highly Plastic Expansive Clay with Hydrated Lime and Fly Ash

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In this study, extremely highly plastic soil samples were collected from clay deposits in the Akyurt district of Ankara (Turkey), near Esenbo?a...